Research methods and study skills Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research methods and study skills - Coursework Example The study relates the area of urbanisation with social relations at community level by focusing on social indicators associated with housing. The analysis dwelt in the pace of historical development in measuring the diversity house age in predicting the measurement of the relations associated with neighbourly social based on multilevel framework. The researcher used neighbourhood built and individual’s socio-demographic data as the controls to validate the finding (king, 2013). The meta-analysis study by Ewing and Cervero (2010) is built on the realisation that built environment and the use of automobiles are associated in many ways. For instance, the problems associated with climate change, dependence on oil, congestion within the cities, and sprawl associates with the urban designs and the planning, which prompts the locations and the states to use the concepts of built environment to bring sanity to the automobile use. The building of roads has not been in tandem with the demand of the travel. To achieve the objective of the study, the researchers determined the elasticity by computing the values for the individual studies selected and later pooled to generate the weighted average. The study found that variables associated to travel were inelastic when assessed from the built environment perspective (Ewing and Cervero, 2010). The method adopted by King to acquire the data for the study was survey. The source of the data was the Chicago community adult-health studies. The data obtained for this study involved respondents characteristics of the neighbourhood in relation to their physical and social status, the psychosocial and socioeconomic status. The most important factor that was put into consideration is the fact that the Chicago community adult health data has a clustered sampling framework. The framework is essential for facilitating the human development project in the entire Chicago neighbourhood. This means that getting the respondents

The 1906 landslide victory Essay Example for Free

The 1906 landslide victory Essay To what extent is it fair to conclude that it was Conservative/Unionist failings that led to the 1906 landslide victory? Within the last 20 years being dominated by the conservative party, perhaps it is possible to assume that soon there would be a reverse in conservative fortunes. This could come from a liberal comeback or another party finding their feet in parliament. As we know it was the Liberals aiming their ascendancy again to win a landslide victory in 1906. However, external factors cannot entirely be attributed to the conservative downfall as it came in a landslide defeat. In answering this question I will look at the inefficiencies and limitations of the conservative party, whilst also considering the actions and decisions of the other parties. It is fair to say that the conservatives would have found it difficult to gain any more votes than they already had received form previous elections, and that their goals were mainly consolidation of their position. This landslide in 1906 shows that the conservative objections were failed to be adhered to. Therefore in answering this question the first aspect to look at is the conservative parties own limitations. Many of the problems that the conservatives had to face were them always seeming to have an ineffectual leader, Arthur Balfour. At first it would to be believed that he might become a good leader as he had brains, courage, vision and that he was also a well respected man in the commons. Balfour disliked democracies like his uncle Salisbury, yet in that he never took it seriously. Balfour became too cerebral and too uninvolved, and in his eyes, the Tories were an instrument for solving the nations problems. He saw that Britain was in a state of decline on the international front, with the economic growth saturating alongside productivity. Thus, defense of the empire was required in order to make Britain more competitive and Chamberlain was particularly devoted tot this. It has to be said that it was the combination of Chamberlains response and Balfour letting him enact his response that became a major reason behind the conservative defeat in the 1906 elections. The conservatives foreign policy was also very poor, as it was the Liberals in 1886 with the problems involving Irish home rule. Between the two men, the party collapsed from Salisburys secure and dominant party, to eventually ruins. Balfour was also costly about reform, and it was the poorly orchestrated social reform that seemed to lead to the dissatisfaction of certain social groups that had been formally enlightened by the conservatives. An example of this is the 1902 Education Act, which eventually ended up in a political disaster. In order to achieve national greatness and efficiency it was believed at the time that it was education that held the key, and that if education didnt become a prominent feature of party policies Britain would fall behind other major countries. Therefore no wonder that Balfour and Devonshire both co-operated to forward the education act of 1902. Embitterment reached its peaks in the summer of 1906 with Dr. Clifford, who started upon orchestrating a campaign against education reform. This became the beginning of the non-conformist revolt. Other reforms agitated the non-conformists groups, two years later with the enactment of the 1904 Licensing Act, which made provision for closure of republic houses but also compensated those who had lost trade by a levy on those remaining. With Balfours inability to reform he had two major instances in the public spotlight, which completely tarnished the partys reputation with hem showing complete insensitivity towards the public opinion. Balfour mistake on the domestic front with him totally comprehending the trade unions agitation that arose form a series of judgments in the late 1890s (Taff Vale). In contrast with Disraeli in the 1870s he made no effort to halt the pressure groups. Balfours main concerns were with the foreign policy and maintaining of the empire, which in effect would enhance Britains position. Another major mistake that Balfour made was the damage from the Boer War in South Africa. Alfred Miller concerned about the war asked for the importation of Chinese workers, these workers would work in the gold mines of the Rand. Initially Chamberlain who obviously recognized the importance of public opinion vetoed the request, however the board sanctioned the request later in 1903. This proved to be a mistake with a wave of protest all over Britain, mainly die to the people becoming more aware of human rights. The outcry came form the conscience as the Chinese workers had to work in poor conditions in the most small and dangerous areas. Balfour could have rejected the idea, however to him the plan was effective and practical. On the 15th May 1903, Birmingham, Chamberlain declared his faith in imperial preference as he proposed to abandon free trade which had become a way of British life for fifty years. He believed that a system of duties would tie the overall empire together, raise revenue for social reform and protect British industry. The war on the Tariffs had started with Chamberlain seeing this move a way of solving the nations problems whilst giving him individual gains, such as him being in the spotlight after fading with the climax of the Boer War. In July 1903 an outraged group of unionists began to set a Free Food League, and thus Balfour faced an extremely dangerous position. Bitter quarrels were beginning to form between those who endorsed free trade and those who were tariff reformers. Another massive blow to the conservative party under the controversies of tariff reform was the loss of Winston Churchill, who publicly showed the necks of the liberals, tariff reform became a rallying cry for conservatives and an electoral liability. The protection of men and women meant less food for the people, whilst the fre trade stood for prosperity and cheap food. Chamberlains reform, was admittedly unfortunate to coincide with economic revival, yet this fear of expensive food created a retaliation in the country and I believe this was the major mistake made by the party, which ultimately produced a swing against them of devastating proportion in what is know seen as the landslide victory of 1906. Chamberlain and Balfour both seemed to have the inabilities to appease all social groups and this was made worse with their ineffective social reform, inability to understand public opinion and their constant focus upon solving the nations problem. This all contributed to the declining conservative support. The views that I have just made are the conservatives mistakes that led to the landslide victory, yet the Liberal party after Gladstone was undertaking changes. These changes were apparent in their organization and ideology and thus by the early 1900s it was ready again to challenge the conservatives through the electoral system. The year 1902 was a decisive year for the liberals fortunes. Initially, the liberals looked set to divide further into factions as Roseberys ascendancy had culminated in him leading a pressure group within the party as a president of the new liberal league. The group name was Schism which included the prominent figures such as Grey, Fowler and Asquith. The group however began to fade away. The education Act set up by the conservatives gave the Liberals a chance to reform and unite and rally to the non-conformist cause. The Liberal politicians now had something to pick up on, and hostility to rate support fir church schools and the abolition of the non-conformist dominated school boards was a perfect issue. By-elections immediately swung against the Tories, as the Liberals won in Bury and Leeds by July. In 1903 Chamberlain had begun his infamous tariff reform campaign and presented the Liberals with an absolutely perfect issue in which they could protest against. The Liberal propaganda, machine had got in motion with the main liberal highlight big Liberal Loaf against the small Tory loaf. Asquith began to emerge as a leading protagonist in the issue, and was a thorn in Chamberlains side. Through the campaign the liberals were winning back votes form the working class as the liberals played upon the fact that the tariffs were being enacted at the expense of the masses who have to pay for them. This then led to more places falling under the Liberal grasp like Lancashire. Even new support groups were being encouraged, as the National League of Young Liberals was set up in 1903 and had 300 branches by 1906. Gladstones achievements as an organizer meant a fall in the number of unionist candidates. The splitting of the progressive vote had clearly rebounded to the unionist advantage, highlighted in the unionist dominance at Barnard castle in 1903. The eventual agreement was signed in September 1903 with the main gist being that Labour would get a free run in some forty to fifty unionist seats in return for backing the Liberals elsewhere. The results of the 1906 elections were paramount to the pact made by the two parties, as the benefits affected both. Indeed the LRC and the Liberals were able to concentrate upon capitalizing on the new upshot of working class consciousness, which was shown in essence at the retaliation against the war fought for the rich capitalists of the Rand, the money making schemes of Chamberlain, the contemptuous nature against Labour with the enslavement of Chinese workers and the refusal to reverse the Taff Vale judgment. The reform issue was the final fault of the conservatives for the Liberals to pose the question. The 1906 elections was a disaster for Unionists whereas the liberals consolidate their strongholds whilst gaining in Lancashire, London and the southeast. In conclusion I believe that it was mainly due to the conservative failings that led to the 1906 landslide elections. The Tory party was headed by two main figures, Balfour and Chamberlain who brought the party to ruins preceding the rise in liberal fortunes headed by Salisbury. The liberal propaganda machine helped to put the conservatives to rest whilst they continued their uprising. The Liberal united around the conservative failings and this proved to be a force for both non-conformity and the working class.

Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay -- Young Goodman Brown

Nathaniel Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown" Nathaniel Hawthorne’s story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† portrays the growth of Young Goodman Brown through vivid symbolic setting. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is an allegory in which the setting is very important to the theme of the story. Throughout the narration, detailed setting and emblematic characters surround Goodman Brown. Goodman Brown is an Everyman character, which could be any one of us, struggling with his Puritan heritage, more specifically his spiritual faith. The setting is first introduced during a conversation between Goodman and his wife â€Å"Faith† which is symbolic of his struggle with his spiritual faith throughout the story. Standing in the doorway of his own home he turns to confront his wife, who encourages him to stay at home with her, the first expression in the story of his internal conflict with his â€Å"faith†. Walking away from his wife, he begins to question himself in several ways. Why is he leaving? What is he longing for? Where exactly is he going? â€Å"â€Å"Poor little Faith!† Thought he, for his heart smote him. â€Å"What a wretch am I to leave her on such an errand!†Ã¢â‚¬  (391) Without knowing the exact answer to any of the questions he enters the woods, dark and dreary, which Hawthorne uses to express the sense of evil. To understand the significance of the setting you have to understand the background of the Puritan culture which Hawthorne doesn’t state but expects the reader to know. Puritans live their lives for God. They believe everyone and everything is evil and one must live his life so to not unleash this inborn sin. Throughout the story, Goodman struggles with his own image of faith. Just as any young adult may step back and question their initial upbringing, he too, questions his forefathers. He doesn’t want to become who they were, the common feeling among younger generations. Brown could be any one of us who as we mature begin to discover flaws in our families and acquaintances we knew not existed. Continuing down his path in the woods he runs across a man â€Å"in grave and decent attire†. The word â€Å"grave† suggests the danger and seriousness of the journey. Soon the author persuades us that this man represents the devil in Goodman’s struggle with his beliefs. The man is willing to lead Goodman deep into the forest, or in other words, deep into sin. The man even addresses Brown telling him... ... himself from the generations before; he cannot completely separate himself from his parent’s faith and culture without losing his own identity. Hawthorne displays vivid setting throughout â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† to help him deal with the insecurities concerning not only his character but also his own forefathers and his own faith. The setting in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is critical to understanding the internal struggle for maturation of the main character. From â€Å"Faith† his wife, his journey through the dark and lonely yet demon- populated woods, supernatural happenings, Hawthorne takes his readers on an adventure filled with symbolic setting. To fully appreciate and understand â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† one must recognize with and pull out the expression of allegory Hawthorne uses to fulfill the curiosity in young maturing minds. Goodman Brown could be any of us, struggling with the inconsistencies in our own lives, and the unknown journeys we will venture to take while trying to form our own identities of self and mature into functioning adults in our society. Works Cited Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "Young Goodmam Brown", The Story and Its Writer, 4th ed. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston:

Business Environment in China

Every country has its own rules and regulations according to the needs, requirements and environment of the business in that country. So for any company, thinking to expand the span of business to another country and wants to invest for long term in that country, especially where production in that country involves, it is very important to understand the business environment, government policies, restrictions and future perspective of business in that country. The business has to assess whether the company has ability to incorporate most of the business needs and it should also be considered that whether the culture of the company can be integrated with the culture of that country. So the business operations will be different in different ways which have been discussed below: Import/export restrictions: There are certain types of goods and services which may be prohibited in the country where the business has plan to expand. For example, in Islamic countries like Dubai, Saudi Arabia etc, it is prohibited to expert or import alcoholic products except in some situations. Certain types of quality measurement might be imposed on the companies in order to import goods in the country. Another aspect of restrictions regarding export are the restrictions regarding the quantity which is being exported by the company. Governments can restrict the quantity of any specific product or service to be exported in order to avoid shortage in home country. China has imposed custom levy on the import as well as export of the goods. In addition to this levy, china has fixed a quote for imports of different types of products in the country. These restrictions on imports allow the home countries to produce more for the residents of China and less amount will be spend on imports and hence improve trade surplus for China which will help China to increase foreign reserves and hence make the economy of China more strong. Recently, China has imposed different types of restrictions on the export of 17 metallic elements which are important for different types of manufacturing good which also includes inputs for automobiles as well as wind turbine. It has made a big issue in the world. Other export restrictions include export duties which comprises of three types; regular, temporary and special, export quota for certain types of goods including mass consumption goods. Export license is required to be the exporter (Ambler, T. , Witzel, M. & Xi, C. , (2008). So if MNE has planned to come into the China for long-term investment, cost-benefit analysis should be carried out. However on the other hand, china support different types of exports and give reliefs for home productions which makes the business in china more attractive. Labor relations: It can be described as the relations between employers and employees, which are either unionized or non-unionized. Under the umbrella of labor relations, employees protect their labor right. Different countries have given authority to employees for their rights to different extents and as a result in some countries, labor has more power. So it should be considered while moving to another country that what are the conditions of labor relations in that country and hence how much the employees are powerful and how they can exert their power. It will help the companies to carry out stakeholder analysis as well as stakeholder mapping and hence can improve working conditions as well as can improve business operations. China has implemented labor relations law in 2008 (China Enacts Labor Relations Law, Effective in 2008, 2007). It has given more power to employees within the country. It has been made harder to lay off employees now. For the company like ACME or other MNE, it is very important to be noted that during last year, there was a strike by employees within factories in order to increase their wages. It was said by the employees at that time that companies are making huge profits and they are the people who are working behind the success of companies so their share must be increased and aligned with the profits of the company. So companies should understand the risk that low production costs, which are due to low wages, will no longer be attractive in future. Companies should make strategy to deal with the employees in a way which provides them job security, human rights protection, motivation along with the level of work required by the company. China’s manufacturing market is very feasible for labor intensive industries at the moment. Good relations between employers and employees can be made by providing good working conditions whether they will feel satisfied with their work. Supplier financing: It is the finance management in the situation where the products are being exported. All the credit terms are included in the contract between importer and exporter and credit agencies play their role in the process and reasonably insure that the contract terms will be fulfilled by importer and exporter will be able to receive payments. At the same time it also ensures that importer will not be liable, to the agreed extent, to pay the risks which can be the political risk or economic risks. Companies while trying to operate in other countries must think how much it is sure that they will be able to meet the contract terms and if own company or other company will not honor the contract then what will be role of supplier financing in it how the laws and regulations of countries will support to force the either company to honor the contract. Tax rules: Tax rules and policies play an important role in order to make the strategy for the business. Countries might have tax treaties with each other as a result company can have the benefit from it. Tax rules applied to foreign firms are sometimes stricter than for their home firm. Such type of tax rules decides that how the finance will be arranged and how the income distribution will be managed in order to increase the business for the company. Policy for deferred tax and tax policy for the export of products from china should also be considered. Many countries have higher tax rates which may also impact on the financial statements of the business. Tax treaties play an important role in the implications of taxation policies. If home country and the country where company wants to invest have tax treaties then it would be beneficial for the company as it will not have to face double taxation. China has incentivized companies by in regards of taxation. Tax rules have to be followed but they are not very strict. There are many companies which are enjoys tax rates as low as 15%. Many other companies have also lower tax rates by increasing the exports from China (CCH Tax Editor, 2008). Overall, China is an attractive market in regards of the incentivized tax rules. And hence it is feasible to invest in China. Depreciation Schedule: Depreciation has its impact on the financial statements of the business especially when the companies have high value for their fixed assets. Some countries allow capital allowance on depreciation and hence which becomes the source of tax savings. Straight line method and reducing balance methods etc are permitted methods in IFRS and IAS. China has flexibility in choosing the method of depreciation. However whichever method company has chosen, it will not be able to change the method in future. Depreciation will become the source of tax savings so company can choose any method which will provide more tax savings to the business. However it should be noted that companies are required to assess the suitability of depreciation method before selecting it. At the same time, companies are also required to check if depreciation needs to be revalued. All the information, regarding revalued depreciation amount and if new asset has been purchased, should be submitted to tax authorities. Minimum depreciation period in China is 20 years for land and buildings and for other types of fixed assets; it is 10 years (Yan, X. & Pitt, D. , 2002). Companies have to think the time period for which the company is going to work in China. Currency properties and restrictions: It is the control over the inflow and outflow of cash by imposing different rules which are set in monetary policy of the country. It is also the control of fluctuations in currency rates within country using different ways like interest rates and money printing etc. These restrictions might impact on the business as they will not allow the company to export money from their country above some predefined level. It might affect the cashflow statement of parent company which is basically a foreign company. Currency properties restrictions might restrict the company to own properties in their country where the company is going to invest. Such types of consequences increases the risk of business as for a huge size factory, it might be required for the business to have its own premises as moving from one land to another land even within the same country is not an easy task (Riedel, J. , Jin, J. Gao, J. , 2007). China’s policy to keep its currency undervalue is the point of concern for most the countries in the world. China keeps the currency undervalued in order to support exports. It helps exporters to export for more Yuan for the export of one dollar. On the other hand, it discourages imports in China. So companies have to consider this type of currency control and should make policy regarding the restrictions by china on currency. Sources of long-term and Short-term debt: Companies are required to arrange finance for the expansion of business and to run the activities of the business smoothly in the long run. This finance can either be arranged either by raising equity of the company or it can also be arranged by debt as sometimes equity financing sometimes consume more time and shareholders’ WACC for the company is relatively high as compared to debt in most of the cases. Short term or long term debt includes loan from commercial banks or financial institutions and it will be measured that what is the interest rate for that short term finance and whether it is feasible for the company to arrange finance in foreign country or not. China is an attractive market because of easy sources of arranging debts. However china is going to make more strict changes in its short term debt policy. Treasury bills have been proved to be one of the most effective short-term debt tools in china. China has been proved to one of the most efficient market for long term debt especially in aisa. It is relatively easy to obtain long term debt at a competitive rate. Government of China is still working for more efficiency in long term debt market. Bonds are one of the most powerful long term debt tools for the companies working in China. Ethics: There must be integrity in the information provided to CEO. I will include the information about condition of human rights, labor welfare as well as all other information which belongs to the business. It is ethically necessary to provide the information because it will also help to protect the employees when company will start operating in China as company will already knew that what are the conditions are there and how these conditions can be improved (Norton, A. & Hughes J. , 2009). Although it might have a bad impact on CEO but for the purpose of integrity as well as honesty, I will include all the information. However I will also include the outline solutions to the problems.

Psychoanalysis of Hamlet

There are always three sides to a coin when it comes to psychology. Two being the heads and tails, the other being the thickness of the coin represented here by the why factor. No action is ever considered to be an accidental behavior, thus making Hamlet an intriguing subject of analysis. Critics of William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet often debate the cognitive processes of young Hamlet’s mind. To examine Hamlet through a psychological perspective, one must use knowledge of behavioral psychology, which is the study of behavior that reveals inner thoughts.Hamlet is a complex character full of deep emotions and developmental problems it is revealed through his actions, thoughts, and words portrayed during the play. Traumatic experiences in a person’s life can have serious mental repercussions, such as disconnection from others, self-blame, or permanent mental instability. Accordingly, Hamlet’s behavior demonstrates textbook symptoms of emotional and psychologi cal damage. With the loss of his father, and the quick remarriage of his mother, the dramatic changes in the familiarity of life become the triggers for Hamlet’s change in behavior.These psychological triggers are very relevant in patient cases today such as the remarrying of a parent, the death of close friend, or development during adolescence. The triggered behaviors become dangerous, as the ability of being able to confide in someone else does not seem a possibility to Hamlet. Losing a loved one is never easy, in Hamlets case the loss leads to a downward spiral of behavior that ultimately affects many different people in his kingdom. This problem of seeking comfort or advice in times of need is crucial for the development during adolescence.Psychologists agree that bottling up emotions can cause explosive and irrational behavior, such as in the case of Hamlet. â€Å"Madness in great ones must not unwatched go. † A person’s actions revel to the world what is going on in his or her mind to a tremendous extent. Hamlet’s actions in the play depict a mix of complex planning with sporadic displays of mental instability. Such actions such as the hesitation of killing Claudius, the murder of Polonius, and Hamlet’s interactions with Ophelia reveal Hamlets true mental state. Many critics have scrutinized the delay of Hamlet not killing Claudius over the years.â€Å"Freud offered what seemed to many a decisive answer to this riddle for the ages: that Hamlet is stymied by the weird coincidence of Claudius's crime with his own oedipal wishes. † (Kilgore) This quote represents the deep internal conflict of Hamlet’s actions because of his obsession with his mother’s sexual behavior. â€Å"Hamlet is able to do anything but take vengeance upon the man who did away with his father and has taken his father's place with his mother — the man who shows him in realization the repressed desires of his own childhoodâ €  (Kilgore).This quotation suggests that Hamlet wanted to be like Claudius subconsciously. In addition, this quote answers why Gertrude’s quick remarriage to Claudius is taken so heavily by young Hamlet. â€Å"Freud considered this complex the cornerstone of the superego and the nucleus of all human relationships. † (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia) Next, the action of killing Polonius is one example of Hamlet’s temporary insanity. Moments after Hamlet fails to kill Claudius as he prays because he is unshriven; he slays Polonius under the impression it was Claudius.The contradictory nature of these two decisions shows in behavioral psychology that Hamlet is emotionally unstable. This action also demonstrates that aggression has taken over reasoning. Emotions are one of man’s greatest strengths but can cause the greatest downfalls. For example, In Hamlet, Polonius’s murder eventually leads to Hamlets death at the hands of Polonius’s son. Hamlets lack of cognitive reasoning ultimately conflicts with his short-term plans as Hamlet is sent away from the kingdom by the man who he is trying to murder.This shows that the catastrophe occurs as a result of instinctive reactions rather than pre-meditation. â€Å"To inhibit actively one’s behavior is stressful and disease related; when individuals do not or cannot express thoughts and feelings concerning a traumatic event (i. e. , when they engage in behavioral inhibition), there is an increased probability of having obsessive thoughts about the event and of having illnesses in the long run† (Kelly). Keeping secrets from people or being burdened by others secrets is an action that can be harmful in every aspect of health.Hamlets action of keeping secrets from others is representative of his mistrust in people. Hamlet has no one to confide in which leads to irrational decisions and obsession. Most psychologists agree that having someone to confide in is crucial in the developmental process. The act of not revealing such traumatic information destroys Hamlet from a mental perspective and causes Hamlet to slip in and out of sanity. The relationship between Hamlet and Ophelia is an example of the destructive nature secrets can cause.Good relationships are built on the fundamentals of trust and communication; neither of which is demonstrated in their relationship. Hamlet’s subconscious mistrust in the ability of people to keep secrets is projected into the communication of their relationship. Ophelia thinks that Hamlet has gone insane, and this lack of communication drives her into madness and her death. Secrets can inadvertently destroy many people, making them more dangerous through the subconscious influences. All authors project their own life experiences and thoughts subconsciously in to their literature.â€Å"Shakespeare had a son named Hamnet who died of the bubonic plague years before the play Hamlet. †(Wheeler 127-153) I t is through this loss of Shakespeare’s own child that the play takes on a deeper psychological aspect. Hamlets â€Å"to be or not to be† soliloquy can be viewed as a projection into the troubles facing Shakespeare during his own life. The loss of a loved one is a powerful influence and subconsciously can cause feelings of depression and suicide. This soliloquy is one of the most recognized worldwide due to its contemplation of life and death due to the struggles that face Hamlet.â€Å"To be, or not to be–that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune or to take arms against a sea of troubles and by opposing end them†. (Shakespeare) Hamlet is clinically depressed and overwhelmed by the troubles in his life. Not even being able to kill the murderer of his father, he is unlikely that to kill himself. â€Å"Shakespeare presents us with a vivid recital of the thought processes of a man making up hi s mind about a critical step in his life†.  (Kilgore)Thus many people believe that hamlet is overthinking the problem. Thus if this soliloquy was recited to a psychiatrist he would recommend anti-depressant medication. Contemplating life and death is a process that we all do at different points in life. However, it is the manner in which we approach our lives and deaths that define us as individuals. Hamlet has received a liberal education; thus his learned critical thinking and questioning about every action causes obsessive self-criticism. Hamlet’s soliloquy of Act 2 Scene 2 shows hisinnermost feelings of self-disgust about his inaction. â€Å"But I am a pigeon-livered and lack gall to make oppression better, or ere this I should have fattened all the regions kites with this slave’s offal. † (Shakespeare) Thus, this harsh self-criticism leads to Hamlet making irrational decisions. In teenagers the frontal lobe is still in the developmental stages, and affecting his self-perception in addition to his decision making. Hamlet is the perfect storm of decisions based on pathos rather than logos.Hamlet’s decisions, although sometime requiring calculation, often are unrealistic and impetuous representing the trial and error method of learning. Hamlet’s words are invaluable to the shaping of his character. His attitude towards the murder of Polonius disconnects him from the norms of society. Making jokes about the body of someone whom he just murdered demonstrates almost a psychopathic tendency brought about by intense levels of stress. In addition to this, Hamlet is in a position where his actions do not have repercussions evidenced by the town looking the other way on his actions.The psychological effect of having no consequences for actions starting at a young age can have disastrous effects of the development during adolescence; and often in cases can lead to the development of Oppositional defiance disorder children. C hildren with ODD â€Å"have little (or no) regard for what their parents or society expect of them. †(Abraham) Hamlet does not care about how he should behave in society and does as he pleases. Hamlet feels entitled to manipulate the lives of others for his own personal success and has no regard for anyone’s welfare but his own.Hamlet was set up for failure in societal norms from childhood. Other insights into Hamlet’s mental state can be examined through Hamlet and Ophelia’s relationship. The words† I loved Ophelia forty thousand brothers/ could not with all their quantity of love make up my sum. † (Shakespeare 296). Hamlet is under false pretenses of what love means due to his adolescence, demonstrated by his harsh words to Ophelia and inability to communicate his distresses and concerns with her.In addition Ophelia’s and Hamlets relationship is skewed by how he perceives own mother and women in general. This is demonstrated by Hamlet ’s command â€Å"Get thee to a nunnery,† which reveals that he holds the belief that all women are whores. Nunnery was a colloquium, which meant brothel in Shakespeare’s day. The projections of past experiences to present experiences dramatically affect his relationships. Hamlet’s unkind attitude and words to others ultimately affect the lives of people around him substantially.In conclusion, Hamlets complexity and behavior is attributed to adolescence and going through life crises that trigger developmental and textbook psychology issues. Using Hamlets actions, thoughts, and words gives the reader a microscope for further examination the character. Shakespeare was a master of creating complex characters, some based on his real life experiences. Hamlet’s reactions to the changes in hi+s life much reflect the type of behavioral changes people in real life experience after similar trauma. Hamlet has been a popular subject for psychoanalysis since the discipline became popular.

Marketing of Nokia Essays

Marketing of Nokia Essays Marketing of Nokia Essay Marketing of Nokia Essay Nokia Introduction Nokia Corporation (OMX: NOK1V, NYSE: NOK, FWB: NOA3) is an international communications company, focused on the key growth areas of wire line and wireless telecommunications. Nokia is currently the worlds largest manufacturer of mobile telephones, with a global device market share of approximately 38% in Q2 of 2007. Nokia produces mobile phones for every major market segment and protocol, including GSM, CDMA, and W-CDMA (UMTS). The corporation also produces telecommunications network equipment for applications such as mobile and fixed-line voice telephony, ISDN, broadband access, voice over IP, and wireless LAN. Nokias headquarters are located in Espoo, a neighbouring city of Finlands capital Helsinki. It has R, manufacturing, and sales representation sites in many continents throughout the world. Nokia Research Center, the corporations industrial research laboratories, has sites in Helsinki; Tampere; Toijala; Tokyo; Beijing; Budapest; Bochum; Palo Alto, California and Cambridge, Massachusetts. Major production factories are located at Salo, Finland; Beijing, China; Dongguan, China; Chennai, India; Komarom, Hungary and the Ruhr region at Germany. In March 2007, Nokia signed a memorandum with Cluj-Napoca City Council, Romania to open a new plant near the city in Jucu commune. Nokias Design Departure has stayed at Salo. Nokia plays a very large role in the economy of Finland. Nokia is by far the largest Finnish company, accounting for about a third of the market capitalization of the Helsinki Stock Exchange (OMX Helsinki); a unique situation for an industrialized country. It is an important employer in Finland and several small companies have grown into large ones as Nokias subcontractors. Nokia increased Finlands GDP by more than 1. 5 percent in 1999 alone. In 2004 Nokias share of the Finlands GDP was 3. 5 percent and accounted for almost a quarter of Finlands exports in 2003. In 2006, Nokia generated revenue that for the first time exceeded the state budget of Finland. This has led some to refer to Finland as Nokialand. Finns have ranked Nokia many times as the best Finnish brand and employer. Nokia is listed as the 5th most valuable global brand in Business Week’s Best Global Brands list of 2007 (1st non-US company), the 20th most admirable company worldwide in Fortunes Worlds Most Admired Companies list of 2007 (1st in network communications, 4th non-US company), and is the worlds 119th largest company in Fortune Global 500 list of 2007, up from 131 of the previous year. COMPANY PROFILE Nokias history started in year 1865, when engineer Fredrik Idestam established a wood-pulp mill in Southern Finland and started manufacturing paper. Due to the European industrialization and the growing consumption of paper and cardboard Nokia soon became successful. In 1895 Fredrik Idestam handed over the reins of the company to his son-in-law. Nokia was Actually founded in 1965 by Fredrik Idestam in Finland as a paper manufacturing company. In 1920, Finnish Rubber Works became a part of the company, and later on in 1922, Finnish Cable Works joined them. All the three companies were merged in 1967 to form the Nokia Group. Nokia created the NMT mobile phone standard in 1981 and launched the first NMT phone, Mobira Cityman, in 1987. The company delivered the first GSM network to Radkilinia, a Finnish company in 1991, and in 1992, Nokia 1011 a precursor for all Nokia’s current GSM phones was introduced. In the 1990s, Nokia provided GSM services to 90 operators across the world. Another significant move of the company during this period was the divestment of its non-core operations like IT. The company focused on two core businesses mobile phones and telecommunications networks. In the 1990s, Nokia provided GSM services to 90 operators across the world. Another significant move of the company during this period was the divestment of its non-core operations like IT. The company focused on two core businesses mobile phones and telecommunications networks. Nokias history contains many achievements that were the first of their kind in the world. Many milestones have been experienced in the mobile phone business since the 80’s. The success with the NMT and GSM technologies and the products they spawned secured Nokias position as the worlds leading telecommunications company. The list of Nokias milestones provided a good insight in the history of wireless communications. Nokia has been involved in making the worlds first NMT network and the worlds first pocket-sized mobile phone. The worlds first device to use the Symbian OS was also produced by Nokia. Nokia was able to offer advanced products from the beginning of the 90s. Early investments in R were thus handsomely rewarded. Nokia ensured its continued growth by reforming its production in the middle of the 90s. The new phone models and standardized technical solutions made it possible to produce an increasingly extensive product range more effectively. The extensive range of mobile phone models, covering all user groups, is one of the reasons why Nokia became the market leader. INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, services, organizations, and events to create and maintain relationships that will satisfy individual and organizational objectives. The new definition of marketing, as released by the American Marketing Association is:- Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders. Marketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. (Kotler Armstrong 1987) The Mission of marketing is satisfying customer needs. That takes place in a social context. In developed societies marketing is needed in order to satisfy the needs of societys members. Industry is the tool of society to produce products for the satisfaction of needs. Marketing is one of the most important functions in business. It is the discipline required to understand customers needs and the benefits they seek. Academics does not have one commonly agreed upon definition. Even after a better part of a century the debate continues. In a nutshell it consists of the social and managerial processes by which products (goods or services) and value are exchanged in order to fulfill the needs and wants of individuals or groups. Although many people seem to think that Marketing and Advertising are synonymous, they are not. Advertising is simply one of the many processes that together constitute Marketing. Product Strategy Nokia provides its customers with a wide variety of products. As per the income band, a series of phones have been produced to meet the customer demand. Here are some examples of various products in different product levels offered by Nokia. Our Companies Basic Product: Nokia 1100- This is a simple phone having core benefits as well as certain added benefits such as a calculator, alarm, games, etc. Our Companies Expected Product: Nokia 6610- This product has certain features which the consumer expects to be present in the handset. It has a colour display, a radio, some value added games, and many more such features. Our Companies Augmented Product: N Seriess: Voice operated phones, Nokia Sirocco Gold phones, etc. Product Classification Based on functional life (Durable or Consumable): Phones are basically durables which last for a long period. Based on utility (Consumer goods or Industrial goods): Phones are consumer good. They can be put under Homogeneous Shopping goods. Based on tangibility (Tangible or Intangible): They can be touched and seen hence they are tangible. Based on price and quantity (Mass or Premium product): Premium products as they are Product Assortment Product Width for Umbrella branding for Company brand name – Nokia **** Brand Equity Nokia uses Line extension as well as Multi branding. It’s most common way of introducing phones is by line extension, though it may sometimes evolve a new brand which it has done in case of N-Series and lately in case of E-Series. In reality a multi brand turns into line extension over a period of time. Co-Brands- Nokia had incorporated with Renault and had made a joint advertisement. This advertisement promoted both. Lifecycle Globally Nokia’s market is at maturity, where as in India it is still in the Growth stage. Pricing Strategy Nokia uses a pricing strategy that best suits the product. Keeping the product in mind the company may go for mass distribution (Penetration) or else may just tap a selected group (Skimming). Market Skimming- N-95: As in case of this phone Nokia deliberately focuses on only a selected rich group of consumers. The price is kept high as their target is only to sell a limited number of phones at a higher margin. Market Penetration- Nokia 1100: The price of this phone is kept nominal. The objective that Nokia wants to achieve through this phone is high market penetration. The desired profits are attained by dealing in volumes. Price Determination Case of 6610 Objective- To enhance market share and market penetration Demand Estimation- Tremendous demand as it is a very basic phone Price Elasticity- High elasticity because it is a utility phone Estimating cost- Generally we can see that Nokia’s product pioneer from a high price and slowly as time passes, there is a fall in price. This can be related to the Experience curve theory where in we can see that as the company gets expertise or experience in producing a particular item then the cost of production gradually falls with a period of time. Though it should be noted that the only cause of fall in price Analysing competitors’ cost price and offers- When 6610 was introduced, other players namely Motorola and Sony Ericsson’s phones were not considered to be reliable and user friendly, even though they were marginally cheap. Further as Nokia was the market leader, the prices were regulated by Nokia and other companies followed Nokia pricing decision making i. e. if Nokia reduced its price than other companies also ought to reduce their prices. Methods- Initially it was VALUE PRICING and now it is GOING RATE PRICING Selecting final price- Using all the above, the final price is arrived at. Promotion Mix Use of AIDA model in Nokia – N Series: When Nokia launched its N Series of phones, it used the AIDA model to great perfection. Before N Series phones came in the market, cell phones were primarily used as a communication tool. Features like cameras, MP3 Players, Radio, and Bluetooth were the ones which used to catch attention of the users. N Series phones revolutionised the cell phone industry with features such as High Data Storage, High Quality camera, amazing sound quality, professional usage etc. Nokia first gained ATTENTION by highly publicising N Series phones as a lifestyle product. Then it began to hold INTEREST of the people by coming up with new models and variety of features in the N Series. This also helped in arousing DESIRE in the market, which helped the company to make N Series a great success despite the high prices of the phones. Promotion Mix Tools a)Advertising One of the strongest aspects of Nokia is its advertising strategy. Nokia’s ad campaigns are have a short shelf life as they are known to be coming up with one new model for each class(basic, mid, high end) in two months. So they have something or the other new for the consumers, thanks to their excellent innovation. Nokia also come up with customised ads during specific events and festivals. For example, they came up with an ad for Nokia 1110 during Holi last year, with the concept that it’s a colour phone for the festival of colours. b)Sales Promotion Nokia does not stress much on Sales Promotion. This is because today the cell phone market is moving really very fast with new models coming up every third month, and even the consumers are ready to change at such a short period. c)Public Relations (PR) Nokia has strong PR. They keep on doing some or the other new events, programmes and publicity, so as to keep up with the brilliant image of the company and also to enhance the brand equity. One of the instance is they sponsored the COUNTDOWN event for NEW YEAR 2007, wherein they used Nokia 5200 as their prime product. The event featured NELLY FURTADO performing live. The event also concentrated on GLOBAL WARMING. d)Direct Marketing Nokia does not perform Direct Sales activities on its official website www. nokia. com. However, they do have contractual tie ups with other e-commerce websites like www. bay. com, www. amazon. com etc. Nokia does use DEMO style of Direct Marketing. They set up kiosks extensively at various locations such as malls; business parks etc. and had its latest product N 95 for demo. Nokia does not use Direct Mail or Telemarketing styles of Direct Marketing. Consumer Behaviour 1. Social Factors Social factors like feedback on a specific product from family, frien ds and peers influence the decision of a person whether to buy a product or not. For example, Nokia 6800 is technically one of the best phones by Nokia. However, in terms of features it is similar to Nokia 6610. So, the review was not good and hence it affected the sales of Nokia 6800. 2. Personal Factors Personal Factors like age, occupation, lifestyle, income and personality affect the consumer behaviour. For example, a young college going person may consider music and gaming as the add on features. So, he or she may choose a Nokia N – Gage. On the other hand, a professional may consider utility and may buy an N Series phone. 3. Psychological Factors Psychological factors like perception make difference in consumer behaviour. For example, a consumer may not buy a flip or a slide phone if he or she thinks they are delicate handsets. 4. Cultural Factors Not Applicable with respect to Nokia. Place Mix Market Channels- Nokia uses both dealership as well as direct selling strategy. It has opened its retail outlet ‘Nokia Priority’ as well has many authorised dealers at various places. So Nokia uses 0 level, 1 level 2 level Market channel levels. Consumer Manufacturer Dealer Market Channel Levels- ?0 level (outlets and internet) Nokia has their retail outlets ‘Nokia Priority’ also although they directly don’t sell product on their website but they have contractual tie ups with other e-commerce websites like www. bay. com, www. amazon. com etc. ?1 level (Dept stores- Hypercity) Nokia has authorised dealers at various places it also provide their product at super malls like Hypercity. ?2 level (Wholesaler Retailer channel followed) – This is the traditional way of selling which Nokia does follow. Nokia’s products today are available at almost all retail outlets dealing in m obile phones. Vertical Marketing System Administered (Nokia Priority Dealer) and Contractual (Various Dealership) Steps involved in designing market channel E Series )Analysing customer needs and expectations- breakthrough technology and utility b)Objectives and constraints- high profit (market skimming) and (constraint) low volumes c)Identifying channel alternatives- 0, 1 and 2 level d)Evaluating major alternatives- high profits by catering to the needs of higher level income customers, which are increasing in towns and cities e)Selecting channel members f)Training channel members g)Motivating channel members h)Evaluating channel members i)Modify channel arrangements E-Series Market segmentation and targeting strategy Target marketing The market today has large number of customers and to satisfy each of them individually is impossible of any company. So what any company does is it comes out with a product which satisfies majority of its consumers. This is known as target marketing. The target marketing done by Nokia is also the same it targets major portion of the market whose preferences are similar. It does a market survey of understanding the consumers. It is not actually a survey but look at the type of cell phone which a consumer is looking for in the market through the consumers demand. Nokia targets the market by targeting groups holding major part of demand and accordingly manufacture the product. Example: Targeting the lower income group who are looking for a cheaper cell phone in the market like Nokia 1100. In market targeting strategy Nokia falls in â€Å"product specialization† pattern . As it specializes in the same product line. MARKET SEGMENTATION FOR NOKIA: The decibel levels in the cellular market are increasing with service providers stepping on the gas. Not to be left behind, handset manufacturers are using precise segmentation to carve up their share. Divide and rule seems to be working! According to a report published in May 2001, the all-India cellular subscriber figures stand at 38,71,514. With aggressive marketing by service providers, this figure is expected to increase at a very rapid rate. If current decibel levels in the market are anything to go by, these expectations are well on the way to being met. However, amidst this entire melee one cannot ignore the efforts of the handset manufacturers. Both service providers and handset manufacturers have been complementing each other well with each fuelling the demand for the other. Industry observers attribute the success of handset manufacturers to shrewd market segmentation. The big three of the mobile handset market Nokia, Ericsson and Motorola, have studied the market and segmented it precisely. SEGMENTATION OF NOKIA AND SEGMENTATION MODEL FOLLOWED BY COMPETITORS Connecting people! Nokia, arguably the biggest player in the world, has divided the market into four segments: * Hi-fliers: The biggest segment as far as Nokia is concerned consists of Hi-Fliers, corporate executives who use a mobile phone to increase productivity at work. Aged between 25-45, the segment looks for data transmission and other business-related features. In most cases, the company sponsors the handset, hence price is not a major consideration. * Trendsetters: In any technology adoption cycle, the first segment to adopt an emerging technology is dubbed as the early adopters. For Nokia, these early adopters are Trendsetters who are most receptive to advanced models. This was the segment at which WAP-enabled models were aimed. * Social contact: The third segment for Nokia is the upwardly mobile, socially-conscious segment that uses a mobile to stay in touch. Todays youth and affluent housewives constitute two major chunks of the segment. * Assured: The fourth and last segment as defined by Nokia comprises of CEOs, high-profile celebrities, industrialists and other high net worth individuals. The fact that the segment cannot do without a mobile phone makes it the assured segment. Market segmentation Dr Philip Kotler defines market segmentation as â€Å"a process of identifying groups of buyers with different desires or requirements†. Levels of market segmentation:- Mass marketing: Nokia uses mass marketing techniques by manufacturing cell phones which is suitable for major portion of market. Considering the fact that there are a large number of families falling in the middle income group in India, so their buying capacity is kept in mind and accordingly cell phones are introduced in the market. In this way large number of market is target and mass marketing is done by Nokia. Example: Nokia 3310, 1112, 1110. Segment marketing: In segment marketing Nokia identifies groups having similar wants, purchasing power, buying attitude etc and then comes out with phones catering to different major groups and thus satisfying every part of market with its product. Example: Cell phones 6610, 6610i, 2310 which have fm facilities and are less expensive for middle class service people who travel in trains or via any means of transport. This fm facility will attract such group of people and will indulge such people in buying fm cell rather than normal simple cell phones. Niche marketing: The latest E-series and N-series phones introduced by Nokia are a classic example of niche marketing. Nokia with these latest cell phones targeted the higher class businessmen in the society. These cell phones had features like internet access, a large screen and all the possible latest technology introduced till date. These cell phones are expensive and so it clearly shows that Nokia target a small fraction of higher income group in the urban society. Local marketing: When it comes to local marketing Nokia is not into local marketing. But country wise products are manufactured i. e. according to the demand of product in the market. Individual marketing: Nokia in not into manufacturing of product according to customer specifications. Therefore Nokia is still not into customized marketing. Basis of market segmentation:- a) Geographic segmentation 1) Urban 2) Semi urban 3) Rural b) Demographic segmentation 1) Age 2) Income ) Psychological segmentation 1) Personality On the basis of the above factors market segmentation in Nokia takes place. Positioning strategy Positioning strategy is an image which a marketer develops in the minds of the customer in other words perception about the product in the minds of consumer which is formed by the positioning strategy of the marketer. Any company prefers one consistent positioning message. In case of Nokia the positioning strategy used was â€Å"Nokia Connecting People†. But from the time Nokia has been introduced in the market one image which was created in the minds of consumers was it was a ruff and tuff piece i. . its body is hard. But as the time passed by today Nokia with its core positioning is also targeting its technological advancement as positioning strategy. The positioning strategy of any company plays a vital role in creating a psychological perception about the product. Differentiation strategy It is nothing but adding valued difference to the product which a competitor’s product will not be having in it. It is necessary as differentiation is necessary for a product to be recognized and sold in the market. Differentiation tools:- Product differentiation:-Nokia in terms of product differentiation has a better quality outer body. Nokia has its own software’s supporting the features in the cell phone. These make Nokia different from other cell phone companies. NOKIA STRATEGIC MARKETING IN INDIA Nokia redefines fashion phones in India with the latest LAmour collection Nokia has introduced a collection of three trend-inspired mobile phones, the Nokia 7360, Nokia 7370 and Nokia 7380. Each model in Nokias the LAmour Collection offers a beautiful mix of contrasts infusing cultural and ethnic influences with luxurious touches of the unexpected. Hints of vintage and craftsmanship, are fused with natural materials, colours and patterns, all carefully crafted and layered with a passion for detail. In the design and development of the LAmour Collection, Nokias Design team has looked to materials such as amber, ceramic, turquoise, silk and enamel for inspiration. Craft techniques such as enamelling and etching added a creative spark to the graphics, finishes and colours selected for each model in the collection. Nokia 7380: With etched mirrored surface and discreet keyless dial, the Nokia 7380 comes with a leather cover and a mirrored display. The technology includes a 2-megapixel camera and intuitive voice dialing. Key features: Keyless dial 2-megapixel camera, 4x zoom Enhanced Voice Commands MP3 player Nokia 7370: The Nokia 7370 swivels open to reveal its elegantly hidden keypad. Beautiful patterns into the elegant metal trims are contrasted by leather-inspired faceplates. The Nokia 7370 is available in two colour schemes, coffee brown and warm amber, with each model offering a distinct set of graphics, screensavers and even dedicated camera keys. Key features: 1. 3 megapixel camera, 8x zoom 2-inch QVGA colour screen (320 x 240 pixels) Stereo speakers with 3D sound effects Video ring tones FM Radio Nokia 7360: Trend-conscious men and women will appreciate the Nokia 7360s mixture of patterns and textures, which are perfectly complemented by elegant accessories, including straps and carrying pouches. The Nokia 7360 is also available in two signature LAmour Collection colour schemes, coffee brown and warm amber. Nokia has j umped into the growing market of online distribution of tones, graphics and games downloads in India and is offering a choice of 120 games which can be downloaded at Rs 50 per game. However, users will have to shell out an additional Rs 10-25 for the airtime depending on the size of the game. Nokia claims to be the first handset manufacturer to enter this business in India and the first company to launch games downloads in the Indian market. So far, only online content and utility services companies such as MSN and Yahoo have been offering ringtones and graphics downloads to mobile phone enthusiasts. The business of offering ringtones and graphics is growing almost by 100 per cent, according to industry experts. The download business for the calendar year 2003 was estimated to be around Rs 10 crore and is expected to touch Rs 20 crore this year. These estimates do not take airtime charges paid by the users for downloads. â€Å"Nokia is not entering this business to make money. In fact, a large part of the revenue will be shared by the service operators and content providers. Our interest is to help mobile service operators to increase their average revenue per user (ARPU) and to influence mobile phone users to upgrade to the latest models being launched by the company,† Nokia India marketing head Gautam Advani said. Mr Advani claimed that the company launched a game named ’Makhan Chor’ during ’Janmasthmi Utsav’ last month and the response was very encouraging. Nokia India has already tied up with with Bollywood production houses such as Harry Baweja, Rajshri Pictures and RS Entertainment for graphics and movies. It has also entered into an agreement with Indian Performing Rights Society for ringtones. PROMOTIONAL STRATEGIES: Push or Pull Marketing theory distinguishes between two main kinds of promotional strategy push and pull. Push A â€Å"push† promotional strategy makes use of a companys sales force and trade promotion activities to create consumer demand for a product. The producer promotes the product to wholesalers, the wholesalers promote it to retailers, and the retailers promote it to consumers. A good example of push selling is mobile phones, where the major handset manufacturers such as Nokia promote their products via retailers such as Carphone Warehouse. Personal selling and trade promotions are often the most effective promotional tools for companies such as Nokia for example offering subsidies on the handsets to encourage retailers to sell higher volumes. A push strategy tries to sell directly to the consumer, bypassing other distribution channels (e. g. selling insurance or holidays directly). With this type of strategy, consumer promotions and advertising are the most likely promotional tools. Pull A â€Å"pull† selling strategy is one that requires high spending on advertising and consumer promotion to build up consumer demand for a product. If the strategy is successful, consumers will ask their retailers for the product, the retailers will ask the wholesalers, and the wholesalers will ask the producers. A good example of a pull is the heavy advertising and promotion of childrens’ toys – mainly on television. Consider the recent BBC promotional campaign for its new pre-school programme – the Fimbles. Aimed at two to four-year-olds, 130 episodes of Fimbles have been made and are featured everyday on digital childrens channel CBeebies and BBC2. As part of the promotional campaign, the BBC has agreed a deal with toy maker Fisher-Price to market products based on the show, which it hopes will emulate the popularity of the Tweenies. Under the terms of the deal, Fisher-Price will develop, manufacture and distribute a range of Fimbles products including soft, plastic and electronic learning toys for the UK and Ireland. PRICING STRATEGIES Ultra low cost phonesless than Rs 2,000are fuelling demand in cost-sensitive India, where more than 4 million new users are entering the 85. 4 million strong wireless sector each month. The number of mobile services users surged 47 percent in 2005, and now exceeds the population of Germany. India is expected to be the worlds third largest mobile market by the end of this year, behind China and the United States. We anticipate that there will be a long-term sustainable demand for mobile telephony in the fast-growing Indian market, Chief Executive Jorma Ollila said at the launch of the plant in Sriperumbudur, on the outskirts of Chennai. Bundles: Another category where penetration is next to negligible is the fast-growing mobile telephony market - penetration stands at roughly 5%. Here, even as price continues to be a significant factor for determining the choice of handset or service provider, the value equation, according to Sanjay Behl, marketing head of Nokia India, is even more imperative. Nokia found success with its ‘Made in India’ Nokia 1100, which incorporated unique features such as a torchlight, a dust-resistant keypad and an anti-slip grip to appeal to the semi-urban markets. Importantly, Behl says that even applications and software - such as T9 or language interface and text input - have to be customised to meet consumer needs. The 1100, which currently retails at Rs 2,700, is the largest selling handset in India with a market share of about 25% in terms of volumes, and 16% in terms of value. On the other hand, another Nokia phone, the 2600, priced at Rs 4,200, is the highest selling colour model in India, with a 7% market share. In the colour segment alone, the 2600 has a 17% share. â€Å"Clear evidence of how features (colour screen) and price have been cleverly bundled to drive penetration,† says Behl. Four P’s In popular usage, Marketing is the promotion of products, especially Advertising and Branding. However, in professional usage the term has a wider meaning which recognizes that marketing is customer centered. Products are often developed to meet the desires of groups of customers or even, in some cases, for specific customers. E. Jerome McCarthy divided marketing into four general sets of activities. His typology has become so universally recognized that his four activity sets, the Four P’s, have passed into the language. The Four P’s are: Product: The product aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual good or service, and how it relates to the end-users needs and wants. The scope of a product generally includes supporting elements such as warranties, guarantees, and support. Pricing: This refers to the process of setting a price for a product, including discounts. The price need not be monetary it can simply be what is exchanged for the product or service, e. g. time, or attention. Promotion: This includes advertising, Sales promotion, Publicity, and personal selling, and refers to the various methods of promoting the product, brand, or company. Placem ent: refers to how the product gets to the customer; for example, point of sale placement or Retailing. This fourth P has also sometimes been called Place, referring to the channel by which a product or service is sold (e. g. online vs. etail), which geographic region or industry, to which segment (young adults, families, business people), etc. PRODUCTS OFFERED BY NOKIA There are Various Ranges of Products that Nokia Offers. Especially in Mobile phones Nokia is the Leading Manufacturer in it. Nokia Offers various Mobile Phones with varied Quality, Shape, Size, Colour, etc. Nokia Offers a Varied Range of Mobile Phones Other accessories with it. All Mobile phones are having Different Specifications in it. Nokia is Launching a New Products Every Year. It First Does Analysis of Market according to Taste of Consumers It Launches its Products in Market. Till now Nokia has Launched a No. of Products in Market It had been very Successful for Nokia after launching so many products. Nokia has Strengthened its Strategy of Working in Market. It has Revolutionised all sectors in Market. No one is So Powerful as Nokia in Field of Mobile Phones in India. There are so many Mobile Phones been in Market by Nokia. Several New Techniques Upgradation is being done to enhance launch a new product every time in Market. Nokia’s R D Department is very much in Progress for working over bringing a special change in every mobile phone its launching in market. After Launching Various Mobile phones in market till now, Nokia is now Launching various new Models of Mobile Phones i. e it is bringing new changes in the series of Mobile Phones. Firstly All Mobile Phones used to have only Black White/ Colour Display, Messaging. But now Nokia has launched Various New Models of Mobile Phones in Mobile Series that it Has Rocked the Market. The New Models are having various Greater, Advanced Facilities from that of other phones till now. These New Models Which Nokia is going to Launch in market is having all Types of Features/Facilities like:- 1)Instant Messaging )Brighter/Broader Enhanced Colour Display 3)Large Screen 4)Touch Screen System 5)Enhanced Radio Facility 6)Mp3 System 7)Internet/GPRS 2. 0 8)Support for Ms-Office 9)Cool Applications Games 10)Bluetooth Connectivity 11)Wireless Earphones 12) Slim Body 13) 2. 0 Mega pixel Camera etc Product Portfolio Nokia launches handsets to drive mobility NEW DELHI Nokia launched two new affordable handset s models, 1110 and 1600, which target first-time buyers and have talking alarm and clock in five regional languages along with innovative features for ‘ease of use’. With these new mobile phones, Nokia has expanded its entry-level portfolio in India. The Nokia 1110 (black and white display) and Nokia 1600 (coloured display) are ideal for first time users as they have an inbuilt graphical demo mode which allow users to access and familiarise themselves with the main functions of the handset, even without inserting a SIM card. Another stand out feature of these new handsets is the unique Talking Alarm and Clock in five regional languages including Hindi, Tamil, Bengali, Marathi and Gujarati. Nokia handsets are renowned for their ease of use and the Nokia 1110 and 1600 phones continue this tradition with a new intuitive user interface that makes full use of graphical icons and large font sizes and the built-in hands-free speaker. With the new menu structure accessing basic features, such as managing calls and contacts become easier. In addition to polyphonic and MP3-grade sound ringtones, the Nokia 1110 and Nokia 1600 also feature a unique cost-management feature, such as Nokia Prepaid Tracker support to help users monitor their phone usage. This will be an operator dependent service. Reiterating Nokia’s intent to drive affordable mobility in India and grow the base of mobile phone users. Sanjeev Sharma, Managing Director, Nokia Mobile Phones, said: â€Å"With the introduction of these new handsets we have further strengthened our entry level product portfolio by bringing in feature rich handsets with localised applications. Only 5 percent of the population understands the English language. Nokia has always tried to reach out to the masses, which has been demonstrated by our past endeavours in introducing Hindi SMS and even in our earlier campaigns. These handsets are yet another example of Nokia’s innovation and commitment to introduce products that are relevant for Indian consumers. The Nokia 1110 and 1600 announce the dawn of a new age. Its unique talking alarm will wake up millions of Indians, not only to their daily lives, but also to a new era of mobility which has been captured in our campaign called Jaago India Jaago,† Detailing the rationale behind the Jaago India Jaago advertising campaign, Sharma said: â€Å"Indians are extremely proud of how the country has been progressing. The growth of mobility is one of the key indicators of the economic progress in India. The advertising campaign therefore uses the ‘Talking Alarm’ functionality of the Nokia 1110 and 1600 as a metaphor to convey how more and more Indians were waking up to mobility through Nokia handsets and participating in the progress. † Both these handsets also offer much longer talk time than the current entry phones. Nokia 1110 and Nokia 1600 phones have excellent voice quality and coverage based on state-of-the-art radio software. The new technology enables operators to add voice capacity within their networks smoothly and cost-efficiently while improving network capacity and call quality. These were all above were Some of Features of New Upcoming Models of Nokia. Now let us Study Some of the Nokia New Models its Features in Detail. They are as Follows:- NEW UPCOMING MODELS OF NOKIA Nokia 2630 Key Features Ultra-slim design measuring at only 9. 9 mm Capture and share photos with a VGA camera with 4x digital zoom Share and transfer data via Bluetooth, GPRS, email and Internet Listen to FM Radio in an instant with a one-touch key Personalize your Ringtone with any MP3 Audio File 1)Nokia 2760 Key Features Refreshing, trendy design that’s progressively stylish Capture stills or videos with a VGA camera or tune in to FM Radio for music enjoyment Enjoy larger user memory for storing more photos, MP3 ringtones and entries into phonebook Connect to the world via Bluetooth, GPRS and email 2)Nokia 6110 Key Features One touch navigation button provides easy access to GPS function and maps With HSDPA for fast web browsing and downloading of maps 2 megapixel camera and QVGA TFT 2. 2 screen Keeping your images crystal clear with lens slide protection screen Listen to your messages read aloud with Message reader ) Nokia E90 Key Features Browse the Internet and transfer media-rich files via HSDPA (up to 3. 6 Mbit/s enabled) and 3G high-speed mobile broadband Increase mobile productivity with applications for viewing and editing documents Talk on every continent with quad-band GSM and automatic switching between bands Access voice and data functions quickly and easily with convenient shortcut keys Locate meeting venues, restaurants, and places of interest with the integrated GPS Send images captured with the integrated 3. 2 megapixel camera with flash and autofocus 3)Nokia 1650 Key Features Easy one-touch key to activate FM radio in an instant Enjoy easy viewing with the 65,536 colors, large screen display and large font type when dialing Personalize your phone ring with quality MP3-grade and 32 Polyphonic ringtones Extend your talk time with Power Saver mode Convenient one-touch key to switch on built-in flashlight 4)Nokia 2355 Key Features Vibrant 128 x 128 pixels display in 65,536 colors Sleek polished fold design Integrated FM radio Integrated flashlight Internet ready with WAP 2. 0 browser Multimedia messaging (MMS) functionality )Nokia 1325 Key Features Slim 15. 2mm design Brilliant 65,536 color display (96 x 65 pixels) Convenient Integrated Handsfree Speaker 32-chord/voice polyphonic MIDI ringing tones Large phonebook with 400 contacts and 5 entries per contact 6)Nokia 1208 Key Features Experience enhanced visual with the 65,536 color display Dust and splash proof with rubberized keypad and anti-slippery back cover Bright flashlight for convenience a nd emergency Timer tracker feature helps you controls the duration of each call Multiple phonebook makes sharing phone easier Easy–to-use menu in multi languages with calendars 7)Nokia 1200 Key Features Dust and splash proof with rubberized keypad and anti-slippery back cover Bright flashlight for convenience and emergency Timer tracker feature helps you controls the duration of each call Multiple phonebook makes sharing phone easier Easy–to-use menu in multi languages with calendars 9) Nokia 2505 Key Features Sleek and elegant at a slim 16. 65mm Quick-press flashlight 65,536 colors with 128 x 160 pixels display Two-way handsfree speakerphone 32-polyphonic MIDI speaker Popular Nokia user interface with 4-way scroll and center-select key Store up to 300 contacts in phonebook, with 5 entries per contact SWOT ANALYSIS Introduction In this part of my investigation I am constructing a SWOT analysis for Nokia. I will have to Analyse the external factors that may prevent Nokia from re-launching WAP enabled mobile phones onto the market. SWOT Analysis SWOT Analysis, is a Strategic planning tool used t o evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a Project or in a Business venture. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieving that objective SWOT ANALYSIS OF COMPANY NOKIA I) MODERN SWOT ANALSYIS A SWOT analysis conducts an external and internal scan of Nokias business environment, it is an important part of the strategic planning process. Environmental factors internal to the firm usually can be classified as strengths (S), or weaknesses (W), and those external to the firm can be classified as opportunities (O) or threats (T). Such an analysis of the strategic environment is referred to as a SWOT analysis. The SWOT analysis provides information that is helpful in matching the firms resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in which it operates. As such, it is instrumental in strategy formulation and selection. . STRENGTHS -Is a dominant player in the smartphone market via its majority ownership of Symbian and its propritary Series 60 user interface which are projected to represent majority of the 100M smartphones sold in the next 4 years. 33% market share still the largest cell phone vendor by far, with double the market share of nearest competitr Size should enable Nokia to amortize R costs and to get cost advantages Brand position: probably one of the top 20 brands in the world WEAKNESSES -The N-Gage is considered a flop Being the market leader and its increase role in Symbian is giving Nokia a bad image, much like Microsoft in the PC industry. Slow to adopt new ways of thinking: a go od example are clamshell phones which are preferred by many customers. Nokia was reluctant to produce a clamshell until this year, when it launched its first model. OPPORTUNTIIES Increase their presence in the CDMA market, which they are just entering, as well as 3G and Edge New growth markets where cell phone adoption still has room to go, including India and other countries. Leverage its infrastructure business to get preference and a stronger position with carriers THREATS Late in the game in 3G creates a risk to be displaced by leaders like Motorola, LG, NEC and others. Asian OEMs who are entering the market very agressively (TCL, nGo Bird) ODMs (HTC and others) enabling carriers to leverage their customer power bypassing the handset vendor. Operators want to lessen their dependency on handset vendors and the dominance of Nokia. Orange, O2, and many other operators globally are selling their own brand of phones. CONCLUSION From the Above Project I Had Come to this Conclusion That Nokia has Implemented Various Strategies in Developing It Products on a Large Scale Becoming No. 1 Leader in The World of Mobile Phones. Nokia has used various Techniques to implement its products into the market. As per my Opinion Nokia had introduced various schemes to attract people gain more goodwill into market. I would like to conclude that Nokia had been launching various new products Strategies throughout the year but still it is the No. 1 brand leader in Mobile Phones. Many people around the globe are purchasing Nokia phones as they are very cheap, good efficient to operate. Nokia had used various marketing strategies to enhance its products into market also they have used better efficient market segmentation strategies to market its products according to various segments of customers in the market. Nokia as such has used all Modern Good techiques to tackle problems of customers in market. Customer Care Feedback is also given more importance to increase the sales of product. Better, Efficient Advanced Techniques are used to increase the sales of product. Also Nokia is largest manufacturer of mobile phones in India also the No. 1 Leader in it. Various Promotional Strategies are being enrolled into the market to promote the products. New Models their Strategies are being well utilized to enhance the product.

Effects on the Florida Everglades essays

Effects on the Florida Everglades essays The unique natural wealth of lower Florida has excited the curiosity and imagination and has served the needs of man for at least twenty centuries. Its geographic setting still lures residents and tourists. Everglades National Park is at once a limited and a vast sampling of a region full of contrast. It is made up of adjacent, interrelated areas descriptively called the Florida Everglades, the Big Cypress country, the mangrove coast, the Ten Thousand Islands, the Cape, and Florida Bay. The region has nourished, though sometimes harshly, both exotic and familiar flora and fauna. Its people, from the earliest aboriginal Indians to its present day inhabitants, provide clues and records from which the historian can trace the story of its human history. The Park itself consists of over a million acres of land and water, and is our third largest national park. It is an area without any single point of powerful impact. Many other national parks that are chiefly of geological intere st exhibit great peaks, deep gorges, or spectacular scenes of one kind or another. The Everglades, which is chiefly of biological interest, requires a different perspective on the part of the visitor. The creation of the Everglades we see today was caused by the fractious interplay of rock and water, acted out in the distant and recent past. The park is located on the southern Florida peninsula, which is very low and flat because it was once an ancient sea bottom. The highest point in the Everglades is just ten feet above sea level. The bedrock of the area is limestone, which is made up of marine sedimentary rock. The contraction and expansion of continental glaciers have altered the landscape. The Florida peninsula has been inundated by and later emerged from the surrounding seas at least four times in recent geologic history. As glaciers expanded, they consumed bodies of water, including the shallow tropical seas covering Florida, causing the l...

Federal Government Small Business Set Aside Programs

Federal Government Small Business Set Aside Programs Every federal government purchase anticipated to be valued from $2500 to $100,000 is automatically set-aside for small businesses as long as there are at least 2 companies that can provide the product/service. Contracts over $100,000 can be set aside if enough small businesses are able to do the work. Contracts over $500,000 have to include a small business subcontracting plan so that small businesses can get work under these large contracts. Small Business Contracts less than $100,000 or those where 2 or more small businesses can fulfill the contract can be set aside for small businesses. This is typically a contracting officer decision after they perform market research. Contracts can be fully set aside or partially set aside (large company and small company). The SBA’s definition of a small business varies based on industry but typically is less than 500 employees or less than $5,000,000 in revenue. The government has an overall goal of 23% of prime contracts flowing to small businesses and in 2006 the actual was 23.09%. HUB Zone The HUBZone program is to encourage small businesses located in designated high unemployment, low-income areas through set aside contracts. HUBZone stands for â€Å"Historically Underutilized Business Zone†. To qualify a company must be a small business, owned and controlled 51% by US citizens, have a  main office in a HUBZone and have at least 35% of employees living in a HUBZone. The governments contracting goal is 3% of all prime contract dollars being awarded to HUBZone businesses. There are also sole source contracts possible and 10% price preference (HUBZone company prices can be 10% higher and still be considered competitive). To become HUBZone qualified the company must submit an application and supporting documentation to the SBA. In 2007 $1.764 billion was spent on HUBZone contracts. SBIR/STTR The SBIR/STTR program was established to provide small companies with funding to develop products which have government and commercial potential. SBIRs are research grants to fund research and development efforts. In 2005 federal agencies spent $1.85 billion on SBIR awards. STTR is similar to SBIR except the company must partner with a university under an STTR. Federal agencies with RD expenditures over $100 million per year set aside 2.5% of the RD funds for the SBIR program. Twenty percent of the SBIR award companies were founded entirely or partly based on SBIR contracts (â€Å"An Assessment of the SBIR Program†). SBIR is a three-phase program. Phase I is worth up to $100,000 and is to explore whether the proposed solution will work. Phase II can have a budget of up to $750,000 and is to develop a proof of concept. Phase III is to commercialize the solution and has a mix of government and private funding. 8(a) Small disadvantaged businesses may apply to the SBA 8(a) program. To qualify a business must be owned by socially or economically disadvantaged people, in business for at least 2 years and owners must have a net worth under $250,000. Once certified by the SBA 8(a) companies have set aside contracts available. Women-Owned There is no formal certification for women-owned small businesses – it is self-certified. The government contracting goal is 5% to women-owned businesses but there are no specific set aside programs. In 2006 the government awarded 3.4% of contract dollars to women-owned businesses. Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned (SDVO) Veterans who are certified as service-disabled and own a company can be qualified as a service disabled veteran owned company. There is no formal certification process (self-certified) other than the Veteran’s Administration qualifying them as service disabled. The government-wide contracting goal is 3% to SDVO. Just 0.12% of total prime contract dollars were to service disabled veteran-owned businesses. Veteran-Owned Veteran-owned companies is a self-certifying designation when at least 51% of the company is owned by veterans. There are no specific set aside programs for veteran-owned. Just 0.6% of total prime contract dollars were to veteran-owned businesses. Small Disadvantaged Business Small disadvantaged businesses are 51% owned and controlled by African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Pacific Americans, Subcontinent Asian Americans, and Native Americans. This designation is self-certifying. Native American Native American (including Alaskan and Hawaiian) can have contracts set aside and sole-sourced to them.

Immigration consequences of criminal activity Research Paper

Immigration consequences of criminal activity - Research Paper Example Annually, the INS accounts for thousands of criminal investigations. Between the period of 1997 and 2005 approximately 1.5 million people were deported by INS.1 Most are illegal aliens, half of them convicted of drug dealing and drug trafficking. In addition, it was also determined that at least 6 of the 19 September 11 hijackers were in the United States illegally, their visas having previously expired.2 Ultimately, these statistics suggest that illegal immigration has profound effects on the criminal justice system of the United States. History of Immigration and Crime in the United States As a "nation of immigrants," the United States of America and its people have witnessed the issue of immigration transform over time, from general concerns about cheap labor pushing "real Americans" out of jobs to a substantially broader policy concern with much more far-reaching economic and potentially criminal concerns. Although the events of September 11, 2001, have thrust immigration to the fore, official concern about immigration dates back to the mid-19th century. At the close of America's revolutionary period, the nation began to expand westward rapidly. The United States beckoned many settlers with its vast amount of land, temperate climate, and abundance of natural resources. The country had no restrictions on the number and type of people admitted for permanent residence. Agri ­cultural production and farm employment dominated the labor market, and most jobs required little, if any, specialized skills. Evidence suggests that newcomers entered the United States at a status equal to that of the older residents and maintained that status as time passed.3 However, in the late 19th century, United States immigration policy changed as the nation, recovering from its Civil War, began to fear the surge of foreigners pouring in. Several immigration laws passed between 1882 and 1887, including the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, banned certain nationalities from maintaini ng residence in the United States, reflecting some of the early concerns about conflicts over cheap labor. According to proponents of the law, White wage earners could not compete with Chinese, who were willing to live in squalor.4 The act prohibited immigration of persons considered to be "idiots, lunatics, convicts and persons likely to become a public charge"5. Although this statement does not report any specific criminal statistical information, it does suggest the beginning of Americans' concern about the issues of immigration and crime.6 American political policy quickly shifted during the advent of the American industrialization process. It was at this time that increased immigration became of critical importance to the assembly of an urban labor force.7 Newly introduced mechanization procedures required mainly unskilled workers to fill the nation's rapidly expanding urban labor markets. The jobs created during this era typically required little in the way of skill, education , literacy, numeracy, or even fluency in English. The immigrant laborers filling these positions generally lacked these attributes. In fact, a 42-volume U.S. government study issued in 1911 reported that the "new immigrants" (referring to those of the industrial revolution) were less educated, less skilled, and generally less desirable than the "old

History of Immigration in the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of Immigration in the US - Essay Example There are negative aspects to having such an ethnically diverse population, such as racism and social class boundaries drawn along racial lines; African Americans, for example, generally earn less than their Caucasian counterparts. The purpose of this paper is to explore how the history of immigration has shaped the United States and how it affects the population. The first immigration can be said to be one of the most important. As previously mentioned, the Western Europeans brought with them African slaves, and it is perhaps partly due to the lingering thought that African Americans are associated with this slave trade that draws one of the most important cultural boundaries. African Americans experience high levels of racism, as evidenced by the presence of ‘Christian’ groups such as the KKK who continue to exist in the U.S. today and work towards ethnically cleansing the country. African Americans earn less and are frequently found in the most deprived areas, suggest ing that there is still a lot of work to be done to counteract this earlier negativity. Another important aspect of this first wave of immigration is the treatment of the Native Americans who were already residing in the area. The white colonists felt that the native groups were in many ways inferior, as well as bringing with them several infectious diseases that were problematic. This led to a large decrease in the number of Native Americans residing in the United States and forceful land-grabbing ensuring that these people could no longer live their traditional lifestyles. Again, Native Americans suffer from racism and economic problems, which could be seen as a result of this earlier cultural boundary drawn by the colonists. In the 19th century, the Western Europeans again began to migrate en-masse to the United States. Two important cultural groups arriving with this wave were the Germans and the Irish, both leaving their home countries because of unfavourable conditions there a nd the promise of the American Dream. The Nativist/Know Nothing movement strongly opposed these immigrations because it was felt that they could disrupt the social balance of the country. Importantly, the Irish immigrants were predominantly Catholic and it was felt that, because they were under the control of the Pope in Rome, there would be an upheaval of the style of Christianity already established in the U.S. The 19th century also saw the passing of the Chinese Exclusion Act, which said that there were only to be a certain number of Chinese immigrants into the country. At first, Chinese immigrants were seen as important to the economy of the United States but after the economic situation improved, they began to be blamed for white unemployment. There was often violence against the Chinese in California because of the passing of this act. This era also saw the mass immigration of Polish Jews attempting to escape the Russian empire and religious persecution, and these people were again generally refused entry after the immigration quota was reached. Racism was, and still is, an important issue for the Chinese and Jewish people, perhaps because of their treatment during this time. In conclusion, it is easy to see how the United States has become such an ethnically diverse country and how these different events have shaped the racial landscape of the country. Many of these immigration events, and those that came after, still have an

Religions in American Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Religions in American - Research Paper Example For instance, bodily illnesses that characterize Wilson’s mother health, which almost prove to her young daughter otherwise contrary to what she has grew up believing (Wilson 87). In most cases, these predicaments and numerous mysteries, which young people cannot comprehend when they come of age, prompt them to lose their faith and abandon creeds, which they grew up believing. Hence, result to embracing other new modes of creeds that seem to offer them the necessary immediate comfort or answers to what is puzzling them (Wilson 87). This study seeks to expound much about varied stages of developments as well as certain life’s issues that prompt one to change what he or she has all through since childhood believed (Wilson 87). Spiritual life is barely discussed in early childhood development (Gordon & Kathryn 502). Little consideration on religion development psychologically on a child leads to a person who advocates for secular and humanist perspective of human behavior (Antonia 25). Participation in religious activities is thought to be a way of avoiding numerous society vices for instance, adolescent pregnancy, drug and substance abuse as well as self-esteem among children (Antonia 25). There are varied reasons why parents tend to ensure their children associate themselves with the religion they believe and see is best for their spiritual development (Antonia, 25). For instance, some parents claim that without a shared religion between the parents and children, a child will fail to feel and enjoy the connection with his or her family. Children tend to deal with religion in varied ways at diverse stages of their development. In this case, it is significant for the parents to ensure their children associ ate themselves with specific religions from a tender age but as they grow, the parents should tolerate different views from their children towards certain denominations or regions, which they may seem to have interest in based on their understanding (Antonia, 25). Mostly, this occurs because as the children grow they tend to realize that norms, beliefs and faith associated with the religion they were introduced to at their early childhood, are absurd and cannot apply in the their daily lives (Wilson 344). As they also grow, they meet and interact themselves with varied people of diverse creeds in places like schools or work, hence get influenced towards certain creeds or denominations. The child may find the new religion, which parents introduced them is in accordance to their besides other norms. Based on James Fowler’s stages of faith theory, stage I Intuitive-Projective faith is the fantasy-filled, and is imitative phase. In this level, the child can be powerfully and perm anently influenced by examples, moods, actions or stories of the visible faith (Neuman, 44). This is via interacting with the adults who influences their behaviors and what they seem to hold as true in their lives (Neuman, 44). This stage usually occurs among the children aged between three to seven years and encompasses unending thoughts patterns by the child (Neuman 44). In this stage, the child usually develops mutual relationship with the caregiver (Neuman 45). The quality of relations and teachings of religion passed in this stage tend to affect one’s future religiously (Neuman 48). In league with forms of knowing dominated by perception, imagination in this stage is extremely productive of long-lasting images and feelings (positive and negative) that later, more stable and self-reflective valuing and thinking will have to order and sort out (Neuman 46). This is the stage of first