Cerebellar Lesions :: Neurology Medical Health Essays

Cerebellar Lesions The cerebellum integrates sensory and other inputs to coordinate ongoing social movements and participate in force back planning. The cerebellum has no direct connections to the discredit motor neurons but modulates motor function through upper motor neurons. The Vermis and flocculonodular lobes regulate balance and eye movements via connections with vestibular nuclei and oculomotor system, these regions control the mesial motor systems. The more lateral areas of the cerebellum control energys of extremities, the most lateral areas control function in motor planning. (Chapter 15 Cerebellum) When cerebellar lesions occur they produce ataxy (irregular uncoordinated movement.) Ataxia occurs ipsilateral to the side of the cerebellar injury. Midline cerebellar lesions cause unsteady gate (truncal ataxia) and eye movement abnormalities (nystagymas), which are often attach to by vertigo, nausea and vomiting. Lateral cerebellar lesions cause limb ataxi a. (Chapter 15 Cerebellum) Patients with cerebellar damage, regardless of the cause or location, exhibit persistent errors in movement. These movement errors are always on the same side of the body as the damage to the cerebellum, reflecting the cerebellums unusual status as a brain structure in which sensory and motor information is represented ipsilateral rather than contra laterally. Furthermore, somatic, visual, and other inputs are represented topographically within the cerebellum as a result, the movement deficits may be quite specific. For example, one of the most common cerebellar syndromes is caused by degeneration in the anterior portion of the cerebellar cortex in patients with a long history of alcohol abuse. Such damage specifically affects movement in the lower limbs, which are represented in the anterior spinocerebellum. The consequences include a wide and staggering gait, with little impairment of arm or hand movements. Thus, the topographical organization of the cerebellum allows cerebellar damage to disrupt the coordination of movements performed by some muscle groups but not others. The implication of these pathologies is that the cerebellum is normally capable of integrating the moment-to-moment actions of muscles and joints throughout the body to ensure the smooth execution of a full range of motor behaviors. Thus, cerebellar lesions lead first and foremost to a lack of coordination of ongoing movements. For example, damage to the vestibulocerebellum impairs the ability to stand upright and maintain the direction of gaze. The eyes bring difficulty

Buddhism Essay -- essays research papers fc

The origin, traditional Buddhism began in the 6th century BC with the historical personage born Siddhartha Gautama, but better known by a variety of titles including Shakyammi, Tathagata, or most commonly Buddha, the enlightened one. The legend of the Buddhas life has acquired plenty of variations and embellishments over the years, but the basic facts are accepted as traditional, including the dates of his birth and death (563-489 BC by Western reckoning, 624-544 according to Sri Lankan tradition). The story of Buddhas birth is encrusted with myth and fable as that of any God-figure in human history. For instance, he is said to have issued from his mothers womb stating that his cycle of rebirths was about to end. Again, some Buddhists devoutly accept the fables as we in the watt accept Christmas narratives, while others choose to focus on the truths beneath the myths.      We do know with some certainty that the Buddha was born to a royal family in Yankee India , in the foothills of what is now Nepal. Siddhartha Gautama led a sheltered existence in the court of his father, Shuddhodana, the king of the Shakya clan, who shielded him from any knowledge of human suffering or religions of the time. Soon after his birth a soothsayer named Asita predicted that he would become either the emperor of each(prenominal) India or if the "Four Passing Sights" should come to draw off he would renounced the world and would become the greatest spiritual leader the world has ever known. Shuddhodana, Gautama, a member of the warrior-ruler caste, preferred the royal vocation and provided his son with tether palaces located so that his son would not experience the dramatic seasonal changes. He placed at his son disposal anywhere from 10,000 to 40,000 dancing girls to hold the line his mind firmly rooted in the "real" world. He also gave orders that his son should never see the sick, the aged, dead bodies, and nor should a monk be allowed se rious his son. But, as so often happens when manipulative fathers groom their sons to take over the family business, Siddhartha rebelled. At 16 he married a beautiful young princess named Yasodhara, by whom he fathered a son, Rahula.      Over the ensuing years Gautama, was shielded from the facts of the real world. But legend states the gods intervened with what is now called the "Four Passin... ...He then continued to meditate for a total of 49 days, for it was at this time all Buddhist down through the ages believed, Gautama, first experienced Nirvana the goal of Buddhism it means freedom from karma extermination of all craving the realization of the true nature of the mind. This is the closest thing in Buddhism to the western worlds idea of salvation, the ultimate goal of all religious faiths.      Traditionally, the accounts were committed to writing in Sanskrit and in Pali, a Sanskrit derived Indian dialect within 100 years of the B uddhas death, but modern scholars places the dates impendent to the 2nd and 1st century BC. The written records of his sermons and dialogues are known as sutras. Unlike other major religions of the world the concept of a divine being, as in, Hinduisms Atman-Brahman, Judaisms Yahweh, and Islams Allah, Buddhism does not proclaim any worship of any god. Buddhist believes that the divine being, per say, is not something you believe in, or worship, or bed describe but instead something you experience. Bibliography1. http//buddhism.about.com/2. http//www.buddhanet.net/3. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism

Strong Continental Empire :: essays research papers

There are five key ingredients in building a strong Continental empire. A strong continental empire mustiness be able to up-hold these five things to survive. These five important things are a strong central government foreign policy, to deal with opposites countries, manifest destiny, to deal with matters, and the aptitude to solve internal problems such as social, economic, and political problems. America is a continental empire and runs itself by using these five things. The most important of these is belike the strong central government. A strong central government ensures that the government will be able to run smoothly in a era of crisis and have the capability to make sound decisions that will benefit the American populace. Foreign policy was unquestionable so that America would know where it stood when it came to dealing with other countries. It was important that America dealt with international problems in a uniform manner. Manifest destiny deals with the issue of ho w America and Americans will acquire land. Infrastructure is America working together. America depends on many things to keep it running, when these things cross paths we develop an infrastructure. America must solve internal problems all of the time. What these problems are and how we solve them is what shapes America. America easily began to build a continental Empire.America developed a strong continental empire by accomplishing the five things needed for a strong continental empire. America started slowly by developing a government that was rusted by the people. Once they accomplished this they started to filling in the pieces of the continental empire puzzle. They developed a strong central government. Then America began to gain land, which led to conflicts with foreign nations. As the United States of America grew, its infrastructure of money, transportations, and other aspects grew.

Comparing Love and Marriage in Canterbury Tales, Lanval, Faerie Queene,

Love and Marriage in Canterbury Tales, Lanval, Faerie Queene, and Monsieurs Departure Medieval and Renaissance literature develops the concepts of love and marriage and records the evolution of the relation amid them. In Chaucers Canterbury Tales, Christian love clashes with courtly love, as men and women grapple with such issues as which partner should rule in marriage, the proper, acceptable role of sexual practice in marriage, and the importance of love as a basis for a successful marriage. Works by earlier writers portray the medieval literary sentiment of courtly love, the sexual attraction between a chivalric knight and his lady, often the knights lords wife. The woman, who generally held mastery in these relationships based on physical confide and consummation, dictated the terms of the knights duties and obligations, much like a feudal lord over a vassal. This microcosm of romance between man and woman was anchored by the macrocosm of the bonds among men and their fealty to their lord. The dominance of women and fealty to the leader in courtly love contrasts with the dominance ...

Revolutionary Viewpoints Essay -- essays research papers

Revolutionary ViewpointsBeginning in 1773, the teatime Act, Boston Tea Party, and the Coercive Acts directly brought about the split between Britain and its the Statesn colonies. These events were a series of causes and effects and were viewed from extremely different viewpoints by the two sides. Because of these viewpoints, both sides saw force as the next logical step.The Tea Act was passed by Parliament in 1773. It gave the British East India Company a virtual monopoly on the tea trade in North America while keeping the Townshend tea tax. The monopoly lowered the price of tea, but it hurt colonial businessmen. Soon the colonies started to boycott tea. For the British, the Tea Act sounded like a terrific idea because it lowered the price on tea. The Tea Act could also let the colonies show that they are Englishmen and it was good for the whole empire.But on the some other hand, the colonies thought the tea act was slowly taking away their rights, ruining their 150 years of tradi tion. Their tradition was that they only were taxed for local reasons.Since the Tea Act was passing game on, people were boycotting tea coming from England. This led to the Boston Tea Party. The Boston Tea Party was when 3 ships full of tea had arrived from England and the townspeople were refusing to pay the tax. So the ships could not be unloaded. Then the group, Sons of Liberty boarded the ship dressed as Native Americans...

Revolutionary Viewpoints Essay -- essays research papers

Revolutionary ViewpointsBeginning in 1773, the tea leaf Act, Boston Tea Party, and the Coercive Acts directly brought about the split amid Britain and its the Statesn colonies. These events were a series of causes and effects and were viewed from extremely different viewpoints by the two sides. Because of these viewpoints, both sides saw force as the next logical step.The Tea Act was passed by Parliament in 1773. It gave the British East India Company a virtual monopoly on the tea trade in North America while keeping the Townshend tea tax. The monopoly lowered the price of tea, but it hurt colonial businessmen. Soon the colonies started to boycott tea. For the British, the Tea Act sounded like a terrific idea because it lowered the price on tea. The Tea Act could also let the colonies show that they are Englishmen and it was good for the whole empire.But on the separate hand, the colonies thought the tea act was slowly taking away their rights, ruining their 150 years of traditi on. Their tradition was that they only were taxed for local reasons.Since the Tea Act was passing play on, people were boycotting tea coming from England. This led to the Boston Tea Party. The Boston Tea Party was when 3 ships full of tea had arrived from England and the townspeople were refusing to pay the tax. So the ships could not be unloaded. Then the group, Sons of Liberty boarded the ship dressed as Native Americans...

Older Than America Essay

1. Film Information The title of take up we watched this week is Older than America. The lead actors and actresses are Adam Beach, Tantoo Cardinal, Bradley Cooper Georgina Lightning, Bradley Cooper, and Tantoo Cardinal. movie was released Oct 12, 2010 by the IFC Films studio. The length of the pullulate is about one hund red ink minutes. The film genre is trying to expose the hi grade with horror atmosphere. The director of the film is Georgina Lightning . 2. Brief summary A muliebritys haunting visions reveal a Catholic non-Christian priests sinister plot to silence rainwaters develop from speaking the legality about the atrocities that took place at her NativeAmerican boarding aim. The story along with her daughter, Rain haunted by visions that led to her own m another(prenominal)s forced institutionalization. The film mixes the true story of the USs forced boarding of Native American children, subjecting them to a wide variety of abuses. The film is non that easy to follow up because it started with some suspension and wired dreams at the beginning. As the story goes along, more and more clues reveal. It is hard to believe what the boarding coach did to Native American kids based on my perception to boarding school.The film has enough twists and turns to keep my attentions while watching it. 3. Identify the main problem(s) or issue(s) address in the film The problem is mainly addressed in boarding school. They remove children from the influence of their families and culture and assimilate them into the dominant Canadian culture. Father Bartoli paralyse Rains mother in order to hide the rightfulness about atrocities in boarding school. The Native American kids were beaten, whipped, raped and killed in the school. afterwards on, Father Bartoli also tried to convince Auntie Apple to keep Rain in captivity in order to stop memorizing the truth from the past.Rain was somehow rescued from tying up her hands by a eldritch guy who is her classmate in bo arding school. She intellectu all(prenominal)y escaped from the direction when the cleaner opened the door. Rain and Jonny decided to disc everyplace the truth in the mysterious cellar. After Father Bartoli knew Rain had escaped, he decided to go to cellar to kill her. Finally, Rain collected all the clues and memorized all the things happened in boarding school. Father Batoli was tangled up with all the lost soul who were abused and died at a lower place his hands. He got punished. 4. Main characters re fool The main characters are Jonny, Rain, Luke, and Father Batoli.Director and co-writer Lightning also plays Rain, the lead role in Older Than America. Rain lives with her police military officer boyfriend Johnny (Adam Beach) in snowy, rural Minnesota. Adom Beach plays her boyfriend. Luke (Bradley Cooper) is a government geologist investigating reports of a recent earthquake on his own time Steve Klamath (Glen Gould) has returned menage to run for mayor on an anti-development platform, opposing the incumbent, developer Paul Gunderson (Chris Mulkey). I think the actors are good in these roles especially Johnny because I can expression his love to Rain. They play believable roles, but I was confused about those apparitional figures.They are not quite believable, though. Those children in the board school gather in me sympathetic. There is no Hollywood stereotypes. 5. Portrayal of authority Father Bartoli is a typical guy who has authority in religious figures. He is a priest minister who controls all the regulations in boarding school. Auntie Apple (Tantoo Cardinal), who raised Rain, leans heavily upon local Catholic priest Father Bartoli (Steve Yoakum). The two of them shake their heads disapprovingly when Rain and Johnny do not immediately agree to having a Catholic marriage ceremony.The boarding school is a nightmare to Native American children. Priests tried to remove their indistinguishability and assimilated them into American culture. I dislike F ather Bartoli. He did not only a lot of bad things to the Native American children but also silenced Rain and her mother to erase the past crimes. 6. Discuss the role of gender in the film The major players are not predominantly of one sex. Johnny has the subordinate role. I think Women and men are not drawn as variations of stereotypes. Rain plays a kindergarten teacher. She is portrayed as a perceptual and bulletproof Native American woman. She cares about her mother very much.The matriarchal female roles are not recognized in the film. Jonny is her husband. He loves Rain very much, too. He cares about everything regarding Rain including family. He behaved anxious and crazy when Rain is disappeared. 7. Discuss the role of class and nation I did not see any characters do anything for living. Jonny works in police office and Rain works in kindergarten. They seem pretty knowledgeable about their work, and they set for what they do. There is no very obvious class hierarchy in the fi lm. They are all kind of middle class people in youthful society. The film did not spend a lot of attention to portray the poor. 8.Discuss the individuality of the Native/tribal/ethnic groups portrayed in the film I did not really often hear the Native American characters mention something about their identity, but I can feel the sense of strong ethnic tie between real physical characters and those spiritual characters. The souls are the things make this film so special to us. Those souls imply some sort of spiritual culture to Native American. Although they are already died, they still got together and help their companions or ethic group to get through the obstacles.They are likely to be seen in Native Americans perspective. The relationship between them is really subtle but meaningful. The live characters try to expose the truth hidden in the boarding school whereas the spiritual characters keep helping them get through the crises. They somehow interact with each other and make the whole story looks reasonable. It is pretty interesting and makes auditory sense want to watch it. The movie really empathizes with the identity issues although the ethnic characters are not actually from the portrayed ethnic group because basically the film tells the obscene atrocities and assimilation behind the boarding school back 1900s.It wants to remind Native American audiences to recognize the history and do not lose the cultural identity no matter what. 9. How are social and familial relationships portrayed Throughout the film, Native Americans always have a strong family tie and hold together. In the film, I can feel Rain really loves his mother. She takes care of her a lot even she has got some mental issues. She is also really respecting her mother because she comes to her mother and tells her mother every decision she is going to make. In modern days, she still inherits a lot of traditional Native American womans traits. Those spiritual figures also give us a stro ng background of ethnic sense.They have a connection with Rain to keep reminding her past, and they help her to find the clues of the truth and get her through crisis. Jonny is a good and reliable boyfriend, too. He also really loves Rain. He is sharing of confidences with her and giving care to her when Rain faced up difficulties. I am able to relate to the familial roles and experiences in the film because film makes it really touch my heart. 10. Language There are few scenes that other language other than English spoken in the film. It is used effectively.The boy spoke Native American language when the teacher forced them to declare to be Americans in the classroom. He did not want to lose his own culture identity. The use of another language bears a lot value to the film. It exposed the atrocities in boarding school. You would be beaten to death even if you say an Indian word. It set off the inhuman behaviors they did to every Native American child in boarding school. It is iron ic that person who actually behaves a savage wants to civilize Native Americans, they called savage. 11. Personal likes and dislikes This movie really is not a view of life in boarding schools, per se. I dont believe it was intended to be.It is a metaphor for the effects still felt today by nearly all Native Americans here in the U. S. The movie is a period place. All of the issues that the story touches base on are those that Natives all over Indian Country are dealing with today. It is not the direct reflection of one single reason why Natives today face the afflictions of poverty, alcoholism, abuse, unemployment, illiteracy, and loss of identity as a culture, but the culmination of many. Forced attendance into an institution specifically designed to strip away everything it means to be Indian on the nose so happens to be the primary area of focus in this film.The sub-plots add depth to the characters as well as much needed comic relief. level off though this film is classified as a drama, it should be shown in every history class across the United States. 12. Research connection The story of American Indian boarding schools needs to be told. In the past Indian children were taken from their parents, often forcibly, and put into highly- regimented schools designed to eradicate all signs of their savagery. Use of Indian languages in these schools was forbidden and harshly punished.This movie probably should have been a period place showing the experiences of an Indian child draw into the soul-killing world of the boarding school. Perhaps it was feared this approach would limit the size of the audience. In any case we get a modern-day story, set in Union Minnesota, in which a boarding school is glimpsed only occasionally in brief flashbacks. Surrounding these flashbacks lie a plot cluttered with a bewildering add of elements the arrogance of the Catholic Church, shock treatments, commercial development of sacred Indian lands, an election for mayor pittin g a white man against a red man, gambling casinos, a love story, hallucinations and visions, family secrets leading to tensions.

Leadership Style: Sam Palmisano, Former IBM Chief Operating Officer Essay

1.0 About Sam PalmisanoHe began his career with IBM in 1973 as a salesman in Balti much Maryland, Since then, Palmisano has held a series of lead positions during his IBM career, including elderberry bush(a) vice president for the Enterprise arrangements and Personal Systems groups. Mr. Palmisano as well played a key role in creating and leading IBMs Global Services, rising to senior vice president, and building the largest and most diversified information applied science services organization in the industry. He also served as senior managing director of trading operations for IBM Japan. He became president and Chief Operating Officer (CEO) in 2000.Sam Palmisano is a graduate of The Johns Hopkins University. In recognition of his leading role as co-chair of the Council on Competitiveness National Innovation Initiative, as well as his many business accomplishments, Palmisano was awarded an Honorary Degree of Doctor of Humane Letters from Rensselaer Polytechnic bestow in 200 5. In 2006, he was awarded an Honorary Fellowship from the London Business School. He has received a number of business awards including the Atlantic Councils wonderful Business Leadership Award in 2009 and the inaugural Deming Cup, presented in 2010 by the W. Edwards Deming Centre for Quality, Productivity and Competitiveness at Columbia Business School. He is also an elected member of the Ameri digest Academy of Arts and Sciences.2.0 IBM social club backgroundAs late as 1960 IBM was fluid primarily a punched-card machine supplier. It was not until 1962 that computing machine sales equaled those of its traditional punched-card products. But by the end of the decade, its punched-card machine sales were essenti whollyy vestigial. While IBM was do this transformation in its product assembly line in the 1960s, it was also growing at the rapid rate of 15 to 20 percent a class and soon achieved a domination of the calculating machine market that was historically unparalleled in a ny other major industry.IBMs success was creating a difficult environment for its competitors. By 1960 the mainframe computer industry had already been whittled d knowledge to just IBM and seven others. Of all the mainframe suppliers, Sperry Rand had suffered the biggest reverse, consolidating a decline that had begun well before the launch of the 1401. Despite being the introduce of the industry, it had never make a profit in computers and was gaining a reputation bordering on derision. For many years IBMs domination of the computer industry was attributed to a variety of f flakeors like completerial competence, technological excellence, formidable marketing organization, monopolistic, antitrust business practices and the drawship exerted by the Watsons.A key difference between IBM and its competitors persisted upright into the computer age. Thus, when company exampled equipment from one of IBMs bit machine competitors, it was all too likely to acquire a problem rather than a resultant. Often the computer and its software were no more than a set of tools with which to fashion a solution, instead of the solution itself. Only IBM guaranteed a complete solution to business problems, and an IBM salesman was all too likely to remind a data swear outing manager that no one ever got fired by hiring from IBM. This was a patronizing attitude that came close to condescension, and often resulted in a love-hate relationship between IBM and its customers.3.0 What was Sam Palmisano trying to achieve with his style of leading?While on that point are many factors that drive a leaders success, style plays a key role in effectiveness. No matter what style a leader embodies, they all provide value to the organization. From the case studies, we found that there are several factors that have made IBMs gr take in successfully year by year under Palmisano style of leading.1-Major player in the Industry.Palmisano is leading IBM back to greatness. He chose to shift IBM from being a company that produced commodities to one centre on services to guests. He wants to purchase computing power directly from provider that manages and distributes it. The company get out no longer own and house its own computing system. To make this become a reality, IBM plans to manage and distribute computing power which includes more open source tools and different kinds of ownership.2-Business efficiency.During Palmisano time as a CEO, he introduces a very brave conception which is to outsource IBM computer technology operation to India. Making India the nerve centre for servicing local markets by dint of its global delivery net lean, Palmisano found an enviable head start in one of the spendthriftest growing emerging markets. IBM wants to shift its focus from pure technology to embrace outsourcing and other services as part of the business model.3-Create more participation from employee.Palmisano created teams of people from all levels in the company and put them in hot flash of operations, schema and technology. He also asked the top management team to join him in coming up with an idea that would be the major breakthrough that IBM made when it developed its new business model. One of Palmisano action was that he abolishes the bureaucratic corporate executive committees that decide every strategic initiative in the company. He stresses that effective communication to be utilized in his team to ensure that there is healthy team dynamics within and without the team.To do this he organizes cookery or simulation exercises among team members divided into sub-groups to stimulate healthy rivalry and for the purpose of team-building. He also delegate tasks to breed trust among team members by elaborating the project objectives so that apiece team member will be aware of what to do to achieve team goals with little or no interference.4-Develop talent.In spite of the grand scale of Palmisanos dodging, he kept his staff small, preferring to do withou t the executive assistant that other CEOs had employed. He surprised many in his company when he disbanded the 12-member Executive Management Committee on January 23, 2003. The committee had been in existence for 92 years and had served as a filter for high-altitude planning, but was much too slow for the new century.Palmisano replaced the committee with a new system of three teams, one focusing on operations, the second on strategy, and the third on technology. Palmisano ensure participation of all team members in formulation of strategic plan, ploy, action and style for the team. Strategic plan is what will act as guide for the operation of the team. He has shown that an effective team is artificially built and not naturally born.Instead of filling individually team with top-level executives, he drew members from all divisions of the company and all levels of employment. One immediate effect of this restructuring was to draw a new generation of young men and women into the heart of IBMs operations. He had been careful to groom a generation of leaders to follow his time and to create and develop their talent.5-Create creativeness.Palmisano planned to create a single unified system of computers, software, and other electronic devices that would allow anyone to purchase any part of IBMs services and use it with any other part. IBM created open-source software that altered a companys need for servers dedicated to only one task. For example, a server dedicated to computing accounts might become overloaded, causing delays of hours or even days. IBMs new software was designed to recognize when a server had reached its capacity and automatically redirect the excess work to other servers with obtainable space.A key part of this strategy was that if the servers at the clients company had no excess space, the overflow workload would be sent to IBMs own computers, which would recognize any program that accessed them and silently perform the clients work. Palmisano hoped to take this service to the next level, which would allow IBMs computers to check the clients computers for flaws automatically and fix them before anyone could notice them.6-Develop direct rapport with customer.Palmisano was very good at engaging customers, because he has a reputation for making customers feel involved. He has a good apprehension of IBMs software, services and hardware business enabling faster responsiveness, creating remediate customer experiences, speeding office or mobile interactions, and dramatically reducing existing communications barriers.Palmisano announced his intention to make IBM a computer services-on-demand company. IBM would function like a utility, charging its customers for the use of data-centered web sites. IBM would create software capable of fixing clients software problems automatically online. The clients would pay only for the amount of services they used, in the same way they immediately paid for utilities bills.Palmisano mounted his own personal campaign to make sure it was a success. He toured software companies and met designers to persuade them to devise new applications that would give it a competitive edge. When he became head of global services back in the 90s, he blocked off 70% of his calendar for customer meetings, and he still speaks to at least one customer every single day.4.0 Was it essential to depart from the accomplished way of doing things at IBM?Yes, it necessary for Sam Palmisano to shift from the established way to a new leadership style. The reason is simply because IBM has already been part of his life, so he wants to make sure that the company will prosper in the long run. Although IBM was stable at that time, Sam Palmisano believes that the traditional way was not enough to drive the company into more challenging business ahead. Furthermore, most of the top management including him will not around in few years and new successor should be discovered.Before the new leadership era, al l the finiss tended to be made at the top, communicated downward and then implemented by the followers. Most of the time employees did not get change to involve in the decision making. Their responsibilities were just to execute all the decision instructed although they think it was not the most appropriate one. It was all about one man show. Immediately afterwards in-charge, he delegated some of the decision making responsibilities downward. Sam Palmisano created teams made up of people from all levels in the company and put them in charge of operations, strategy and technology. He believes this teams that will drive and determine the destiny of IBM.This new leadership style will benefit the company in few ways. First, the company can get more brilliant ideas from the employees that cannot be seen by top management. It is of the essence(p) to gather as much as perspective possible because it would assist easier and break away decision making. Indirectly, it will enhance creativ ity of the staffs which should not come for only an individual. Second, employees will be more motivated since they feel that all of their ideas are important and they can decide their own destiny. So, there will be no more bureaucratic corporate executive committee that decided almost everything previously.Then, IBM also can develop more new talent in the company that will guide the direction of the company in future which the old leadership way hardly to offer. Sam Palmisano believes that the best way in scouting good talent was by giving them some room to make own decision. All the success and mistakes will make them better and mature.Sam Palmisano also decided to shift from a centralized system to a decentralized system. His idea is that a company will no longer own and house its own computing system. It should include more open-source tools and different kind of ownership. His leadership created an outsourcing story in many places especially India. By making India the nerve cen tre servicing local markets through its global delivery network, it achieved the biggest ever non-linear growth.5.0 Was it necessary for him to reach to the bottom of IBM?Definitely yes, because Sam Palmisano wants each teams from all levels in the company to take part to bring IBM back to greatness. This strategy has given each of them to participate directly or indirectly to revolutionize Big Blue to be a great company. It is important for him to agnise the function of each level. With this understanding he can drive those departments to certain level which will improve the efficiency and effectiveness of each department. The advantages of this approach are to find a seed cause of each problem. He can advise and manage his team how to overcome the problem very well so that they will able to manage it in the future. Sam Palmisano needs to delegate the responsibility to his top management. This style his top management will collaborate across organizational boundaries. He believes that more ideas would come out and shared rather than only top management decision if everyone participating. Sam Palmisano wants his subordinates to show their participant in decision making. He believes teams will be the engines of creativity.6.0 Is this the case of a leader who is micro managing and interfering with operation?No, Sam Palmisano is not micro managing. Micro managing is Closely observed or controls the work of an employee with less rooms for creativity, HRD, trust, responsibility and teamwork. In this case, we can see that Sam Palmisano do questioned a lot deep into the organization. But his intention is to understand the dapple better and not to decide on his own. He wants the top management involvement in contributing new idea in reshaping the IBM. It clearly shows that he need support and valued others opinion to make a better result in his decision making. It is a room of creativity in each decision he make to suit current situation.Once did says that Two head is always better than one For a classic example Orville and Wilbur Wright aka the Wright Brothers maybe cannot fly the first Flight in history if they did not joined their creative idea. Sam Palmisano also do rely in his executives to run IBM. He had abolish the Bureaucratic Corporate Executives Committee that held monthly meeting and overseas every strategic initiatives. It shows that Palmisano do want his executive to cooperate but not to details in making decision.Enough for them to understand the situation and control it. So it just make the decision more efficient and more fast at each level required. Palmisano had created a teams made up of people from all levels in the company and put them in charge in operations, strategy and technology. It shows that Palmisano really serious to make his subordinate to contribute their creativity and decision in each levels. He believes team will be the engine of creativity in IBM. This will definitely create efficiency and cut all the bur eaucratic. It clearly exist from team work, responsibility, trust, human resource development and combined creativity. Palmisano powerfully believes that creativity in large organization not coming from the celebrity CEO alone, it is from collaboration of team works.For instant the Toyota is strongly believes in their Toyota Production System (TPS) cistron, one of it is KAIZEN, a Continuous Improvement as our understanding. This Kaizen is happen in each level in Toyota. Where every each of their workers can contribute the continual improvement in their process. Same goes to Palmisano where he try to create his team to go creative at each level in their own process and decision is more efficient without Bureaucratic Corporate Executives Committee interfere in their way. Another example GENBA in TPS is Comedown to the location and understand the problem firsthand. Genba encourage the management especially to understand the current situation at site or workplace.Not for them to jump to conclusion instead but for them to understand further about the situation or problem occur so that they can brainstorm to come out with brilliant idea. Same goes to Palmisano where he him selves go further in the organization to understand the situation first hand and then decide. Yet we never classify the Toyota Production System (TPS) as micro manage. So this strongly revealed that San Palmisano also is not micro managing IBM.7.0 ConclusionSam Palmisano had proved that he is an Effective Leaders where he successfully balances this three element of Mastery of Strategy, Ability to Execute Strategy and Develop Talent. With that element he had pulled back IBM back to greatness.With the clear vision Palmisano managed to turn IBM from a profit losing company to a middleware and enterprise software and solutions giant. He had turn the Autocratic way of leadership to Deligative type of leadership, where efficient is the key of success to the current demand market. at that place is no more Bureaucratic Executive committee involve in decision making. Thus he is not micromanaging his company but to understand it better and drive it back to success.For the past five years (2002-2011) Palmisano had become a great leader to IBM, he really shows high value (self-sacrifice) and high foreboding (self-confidence) in his organization. Before he retired he manages to portray a new vision Smarter Planet for IBM. He laid down what services and products would be necessary the company since then has built hundreds of reference customers around it.Despite of his greatness in portraying his vision to reality lie a true leader that manage to pull his downstream together to works towards the vision that they build together for the sake of IBM. He really shows a high structured and amity in making IBM leading forward in their own field.

Marketing Plan Laser Eye Surgery

optical maser XY, Inc. trade Plan Week 3 Assignment 1 MKT500 July 22, 2012 Executive Summary Laser XY is preparing to open up Clinics in predominantly African-American argonas. It will be using promotional tools directed at Afro-Americans with Glaucoma. The strategy of Laser XY is to assist the Afro-American communities due to this groups sorry for center of attention diseases. Thus, the company creates communications that conveys a official concern for the eye wellness of the Afro-American communities.Laser XY has completed the initial market research to evaluate the probable sales opportunity in the United States (Glaucoma health guide, 2012). If successful, Laser XY is prep bed to launch clinics in the Canadian markets as well in order to computer address the customer require. As part of the preliminary research, Laser XY identified the market and target segments for its service and completed a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats analysis to evaluate business fit. In addition, Laser XY created and effectively communicated its position statement for the clinic lunch. Glaucoma health guide, 2012) Laser XY background Laser XY is a specialty clinic that performs Laser correction for African Americans with Glaucoma. Laser XY is an exciting, life-enriching procedure. Laser XY understands that each patient must feel fully comfortable with his or her decision to get to the treatment, as well as with the vision care squad who will supervise each step of the process. Thats why Laser XY combines proven, state-of-the-art, FDA-approved technology with a professional team that specializes in Glaucoma correction. Strategic mission statementLaser XY Healthy great deal for Life Focus on African-American Eyes is the latest aspect of its ethnical marketing platform to raise awareness of the eye health necessitates of at-risk group. The initiative started with the fast-growing African American market at higher risk for many eye health issues, in 2013. In addition to overlord experience, Laser XY ensures the utmost success and safety during optical maser vision correction involves using state-of-the-art equipment and highly trained personnel. This is translated into a higher cost compared to the questionable discount Lasik chains. We believe that our patients understand that a compromise on quality is unacceptable when it comes to ones vision. It is our cargo to best service and technology. Marketing plan look into and decide upon at least one (1) foreign market for the product and service. Provide your rationale for this market. Canada is a world leader in laser eye operating theater and every year almost 40-50% of the laser eye performance-taking place in Canada is conducted by a number of companies. The cost of laser eye surgery in Canada is to a greater extent reasonable and affordable.This is due to a favorable exchange rate on the Canadian dollar, the lack of laser royalty fees in Canada, and the efficient economies of scale that are achieved in a sub-specialized center with many patients. According to the 2006 Census by Statistic Canada, 783,795 Canadians identified themselves as black, constituting 2. 5% of the entire Canadian macrocosm * About 30% of Black Canadians have Jamaican heritage. * An additional 32% have heritage elsewhere in the Caribbean or Bermuda. * 60% of Black Canadians are under the age of 35. 60% of Black Canadians live in the province of Ontario. * 97% of Black Canadians live in urban areas. There are 32,000 more black women than black men in Canada (Why chose Canada, 2012) Discuss the potential audiences for a marketing plan and the needs of those potential audiences. Worldwide, Glaucoma is the second leading endeavor of blindness. It is also the first leading cause of blindness among African Americans. It is not the whole way why people of African ancestry have higher order of glaucoma and subsequent blindness than Caucasians.One factor may be that African-Americans are more susceptible to developing elevated eye pressure (IOP) earlier in life, which is judgment to contribute to optic nerve damage and eventual vision loss. Another reason may be that patients of African descent are less probable than Caucasians to have early eye examinations that may detect and treat glaucoma. Glaucoma affects 1 in 200 people aged fifty and younger, and 1 in 10 over the age of eighty. If the condition is detected early enough it is possible to arrest the maturation or slow the progression with medical and surgical means. Glaucoma Treatment, 2012) Marketing Strategy ? Target Market Low to Middle Income consumers ? between the age of 18-up 1) Positioning To create and increase buyer awareness of the Laser XY services and brand. To attract new customers, resulting in increase in sales and market persona for Laser XY insurance in the private health insurance perseverance along with encouraging long-term relationships with the existing and new customer through advertisement and media. It is essential that this target segment use all the marketing variables.In crabbed a judicious use of pricing policy can lead to excellent growth in sales revenues. 2) Product Line Laser XY issues members with clear vision and freedom at a lower expense. Augmented services include care booth before and after the Lasik laser eye surgery, with quatern years free of charge guarantee, and customer support. 3) Price Below competitors. Interest Free special for 12 or 24 months Spread the cost of laser eye surgery over 12 or 24 months and pay no interest if you repay the total cost within the agreed timeframe. No deposit required. 2, 36, or 24 convenient monthly payments No early settlement fees or penalties. Laser Cost for One Eye $1500, Laser cognitive operation Cost for Two Eyes $3000. 4) Promotion Laser XY will establish outlets and free vision screening booths in localities that have a high Afro-American population. Special outlets to be organized and p rice-offs to be offered for limited time period. This will allow the members to expand benefits with a lesser payment. Major newspapers, trade magazines and other health periodicals will be used to promote the service.Along with brochures describing the benefits of Laser XY surgery insurance will be made available in all services outlets. In addition, Laser XY, Inc. will promote the service via the Internet, providing a large amount of information, using banner exchange, and contacting particular user groups. (Glaucoma Treatment, 2012) Discuss the target market and provide a rationale for this target market. Consider the strategy of Laser XY. It declares the Afro-American communities as a high-risk group for eye diseases and creates communications that conveys a positive concern for the eye health of the Afro-American ommunities. For instance, Laser XY will open booths for checking eyes. This is a strong marketing strategy. When the potential customer presents herself for a check-up a need for service is revealed and the customer is directed to Laser XY. ? Laser XY sends communications targeted at the Afro-American community. It shows concern for the members of the communities, communicates that the Afro-American communities are at a far greater risk with a detection of Glaucoma, and so they need Laser XY services.The valuable education that they give is a disguised marketing communication targeted at this potentially lucrative segment. From the perspective of Laser XY, the Afro-American communities are a potentially attractive and lucrative segment. Perform a wad analysis (strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats) for the company. The use of SWOT analysis is important to identify slipway to minimize the effect of Laser XY Inc. weaknesses while trying to maximize its strengths and at the same time recognize ways to bring its opportunities and respond to its threats.Strengths * Afro-American communities as a high risk group for eye Glaucoma causes thi s a potentially attractive and lucrative segment * rum offering with little or no competition in the market. ? * Locating Laser XY Inc. stores in Afro-American predominant areas and using promotional tools directed at Afro-Americans will go a long way in increasing the market share of Laser XY, Inc. Weaknesses * Lack of brand name and reputation in the marketplace as compared to existing clinics. ? * Laser treatment does not give a surety of a 20/20 eye vision.However, it allows the patient to have a proper vision in absence of any glasses or corrective lenses. Such improvement encourages the patient to take a notice with the complication associated to laser eye surgery. Being a startup company, there is lack of strong financial base for spending on advertising or promotions compared to established clinics. Opportunities ? * Strong growth opportunities in emerging markets in US, as well as strong potential in developed markets in Canada * The development of this service especially for Afro-American communities opens up new opportunities or Laser XY Inc. to maximize its revenues from the Afro-American segment. * Laser XY Inc. will show concern for the members of the communities, communicates that the Afro-American communities are at a far greater risk of Glaucoma, and so they need Laser XY, Inc. Threat * Threat of competition from established clinics as well as new potential entrants in the market due to low barriers of entry. ? * Major threats are potential imitation from other competitors and need to offer new products on a regular basis in order to maintain competitiveness. Clients choosing more economical vision correction choices, such as prescribe eye drops, eyeglasses, and contact lenses. * Cost of LASIK eye surgery cost differs widely from one provider to another and depends on many factors. African American is a high risk of vision loss from this disease. With the commitment of our professional management team and enthusiastic staff, the culture of t he organization driven by Laser XY, Inc. has been created to make a difference to this targeted group.Our marketing segment is to exploit our services for both men and women from low to middle segments of the society that are willing to use our services. Our target customers will not only have nonobligatory payment plans, it will also encounter superior experience, safety laser vision correction. This involves using state-of-the-art equipment and highly trained personnel. Furthermore, locating Laser XY, Inc. stores in Afro-American predominant areas and using promotional tools directed at Afro-Americans will go a long way in increasing the market share of Laser XY, Inc.References Glaucoma /treatment. (2012, June). Retrieved from http//www. glaucoma. org/treatment/laser-surgery. php http//adam. about. net/reports/000025_8. htm African-Americans glaucoma risk http//outlook. wustl. edu/2011/dec/glaucoma-risk Glaucoma health guide. (2012, July). Retrieved from Glaucoma http//health. ny times. com/health/guides/disease/glaucoma/risk-factors. html Why chose canada. (2012, July). Retrieved from Why choose Canadahttp//www. lasikmd. com/north-york/corporate-information/why-choose-canada

Laundry detergent Essay

A ballad A ballad is a rhyming narrative poem compose in a stochastic variable that can be sung to music. Ballads most often use the rhyme scheme abcb. This means that in a group of four rail lines, the second line rhymes with the fourth one. The first and third line do not rhyme. Heres part of a ballad by William Blake (1757-1827). I have written the letters a, b, and c to mark the end rhymes. The Maiden caught me in the Wild,(a) Where I was dancing merrily(b) She put me into her Cabinet,(c) And Lockd me up with a golden key. (b) Poem types publish a ballad Topic ideas A time you fell in love at first sight or thought you did.A simple machine accident. A time you received bad news. Dont tell the reader how you felt about the news. Instead, show the details of the place and situation where you perceive the news, doing this in a way that expresses your feelings. Think of how, in movies, the camera zooms in on objects to pull in a mood. See if you can do the comparable matter in the poem. A Definition Of Poetry What is poesy? The question What is poetry used to be easier to answer. If it rhymed and had a regular meter (a type of rhythm), it believably was a poem. As they say, If it walks like a duck, quacks like a duck, looks like a duck, it must be a duck. These days, not all poems rhyme or fit into standard forms. And if you look for a response to the question, What is poetry? youll find lots of musings about how extremely important and consequenceful poetry is, how its the unbowed essence of our world, the oxygen that keeps us alive, etc. virtually of this is interesting, but most of it isnt very helpful if what youre looking for is an actual explanation. One understanding why its so hard to get a straight answer on the subject is that people disagree about what should and shouldnt be considered poetry.Here are some general differences between poetry and prose (prose is writing thats not poetry), that you can use as a practical comment of poet ry. Definition of poetry line structure The easiest way to recognize poetry is that it usually looks like poetry (remember what they say about ducks). While prose is organized with sentences and paragraphs, poetry is normally organized into lines. Heres part of a poem by Robert Herrick (15911674). See how it looks like poetry? Gather ye rosebuds while ye may, Old period is still a-flying And this same flower that smiles to-day To-morrow will be dying.The glorious lamp of heaven, the sun, The higher he s a-getting, The sooner will his race be run, And nearer he s to setting. Now heres the same part of the poem, organized in a paragraph as if it were prose. Gather ye rosebuds while ye may, Old cadence is still a-flying and this same flower that smiles to-day to-morrow will be dying. The glorious lamp of heaven, the sun, the higher he s a-getting, the sooner will his race be run, and nearer he s to setting. If you print a page in prose, the ends of the lines depend on where the marg in is. With a big font size or a bigger margin, the lines are shorter.But in poetry, the poet decides where the lines end. This choice is an essential part of how we hear and see a poem. It affects how fast or slowly we read, and where we pause when were reading. It causes authorized words to stand out more or less. It affects the way the poem looks to us on the page for example, is there a lot of white space, great(p) us a feeling of lightness and air, or are the words packed solidly together? Definition of poetry importance of physical aspects of phraseology Poetry, more than prose, communicates through the way the words sound and way the poem looks on the page.Think of how music can make us feel things angry, irritable, peaceful, sad, triumphant. Poems accomplishment in the same way, but instead of sound and rhythm created by instruments, they use the sound and rhythm of words. In songs with good lyrics, the melody combines with the words to create an intense feeling. Simi larly, in poetry, thesound of the words works together with their meaning for more emotional impact. The look of the poem on the page adds still another dimension. Some poems have smooth shapes, some have delicate shapes, some have heavy, dense shapes.The breaks in the lines lead our eyes to certain areas. There are unconstipated poems with shapes that intentionally imitate what the poem is about, for example, a poem about a waterfall could have lines that trickle down the page. Definition of Poetry concentrated wrangle The words in poems are doing several jobs at the same time. They do one thing with their meaning, and another thing with their sound. Even their meaning may be working on more than one level. An important characteristic of poetry is compression, or concentrated language. I dont mean concentrated in the sentience of paying close attention.I mean it in the sense of concentrated washout detergent, or concentrated orange juice. A half-cup of concentrated laundry det ergent does the same work as a cup of regular detergent a poem typically gets across as much meaning as a larger amount of prose. Concentrated orange juice has the water taken out a good poem has similarly been increase by removing the non-essential words. This is one reason why poems are often short. Definition of poetry emotional or irrational connection Prose normally talks to the crystal clear part of the readers opinion. It explains and describes things it makes sense.Poetry does all this too, but it also tends to work at an emotional or irrational level at the same time. Often, some part of a poem seems to speak directly to the readers emotions. It gives readers a peaceful feeling or an eerie feeling, goosebumps, or it makes them want to cry, even though they may not be sure why they are reacting this way. One way that poems do this is through the use of sound. Poems also tend to suggest things beyond what they actually say often what causes the strongest emotions is not w hat the poem describes, but what it make the reader imagine.Some parts of poems come like dreams from deep places in the mind that even the poet may not understand, and they touch something similarly deep in the reader. A few quotes on the definition of poetry Percy Bysshe Shelley Poetry lifts the veil from the recondite beauty of the world, and makes familiar objects be as if they were not familiar. Here, Shelley points out an important aspect of poetry, which is to find fresh ways of looking at things we think we go to sleep well. Sir Philip Sidney Poetry is a speaking picture This idea emphasizes the physical aspect of a poem, that its a piece of artwork made out of words. Adrienne adequate Poetry is above all a concentration of the power of language, which is the power of our ultimate relationship to everything in the universe. She means concentrated in the sense of concentrated laundry detergent. Language, she says, is our way of relating to the universe. So by strengthen ing language, poetry strengthens our relationship with the universe. Jean Cocteau Poetry is indispensible if I only knew what for.

Electra complex in “The House on Zapote Street”

Our parents are the best treasure that we could have in our life. They are the reason why we exist in this beautiful creation of God, our world. From the moment of our designing until our age of adolescence we are still under the supervision of our parents. But when the right time comes and that we are already in the right age, and we are ready to lock up ourselves with births, we must be given the independency from them.Electra complex termed by Carl Jung refers to a girl or woman who falls in love with her father and becomes prehensile of her mother and or the girl daughter and the father has an intimate relationship towards each other. House on Zapote Street, a short tarradiddle scripted by one of the famous Filipino writer Nick Joaquin emphasized this concept. This concept under psychological theory then took an immense role in the story wherein it serves as the main reason of all the unhappy moments of the major character.The story revolves in the character of Dr. Leonardo Q uitangon, Lydia Cabading and her father, Pablo Cabading. The role of Electra complex in the story is a contrast of the real concept since it is the father whom we can vividly seen the said fixation. Pablo Cabading being the father of Lydia suffers Electra complex in which he became very eager over looking to her.He even threatened to arrest young men who stared at her on the street, or pressed too close against her. The dictation he made towards Lydia had already trespass her personal life which negatively affects her. Thus, this story shows how Pablo Cabading had been affected Carl Jungs concept of Electra complex and this is because of the closeness or intimate relationship he had with his daughter, Lydia.

The advantages and disadvantages of the country’s

Before the dawn of civilization, man has traveled far for places unknown to him. Initially the traveling was only through with(p) with a purpose of food and shelter, but as time passed by and as we became more and more actual, the need to go to a place without any(prenominal) motive, without any intention started eloping in our minds. This motive free traveling came under the name of tourism.New Zealand is a country that is famous for its breath taking views and is cool off a hotspot for tourists, who want to come to a place which has all in store for people of all ages and backgrounds. Slowly but surely, New Zealand has developed a place for itself in the worlds top destination places, and people from almost everywhere in the world flock to this country to recognise its natural beauty and resources. The tourism in New Zealand is bringing in good inflow of foreign exchange to the country and is very helpful to the economy.Even though the main economy of the country is through ag riculture and industrial inputs, tourism has craved a niche in the country, so much that it is estimated that the countrys 10% population is working for the hospitality sector. Increase in tourism, is developing the place more and more, and there can be seen a substantial jumpstart of hotels in the country. International franchises of hotels are keen in opening up more and more of their hotels in the country to suffice the tourist onslaught of the country. The major advantage of New Zealands tourism is to the countrys financial background itself, and the major advantages of it can be assessed by the followingTourism is authorised for New Zealands future economic growth. It contributes $18.6 billion to the economy each year 9% of New Zealands gross domestic product. It is also an beta source of employment. One in every10 New Zealanders works in the tourism industry. Tourism is our largest trade sector. International visitors contribute $8.3 billion to the economy each year, whi ch accounts for 19.2% of export earnings. During 2006, 2.4 million international visitors arrived in New ZealandTourism no doubt is very advantageous for New Zealand, as apart from pumping in m iodiny, is reviving the rob and refurnishing small town of the country, as now they have become major tourist hotspots. Tourism also is making the government revamp places that include position and museums, and in one way local heritage is being preserved and well maintained because of tourism.The major disadvantage that can be considered is because of this high beat of tourism is that the hotels that are coming up every year, are causing damage to the flora of the country. The country in order to suffice high expectations is experiencing fast changes in climate due to global warming. Also the high expectations are taking its toll on the labor market, and the hospitality industry is currently confront labor shortage and skilled manpower shortage at the moment.Migrating people from just f or the sake of hospitality sector might sound beneficial, but so New Zealand which is currently out of migration woes, might start suffering too, like other western countries. Also to motivate high amount of tourism is to retard visa procedure for entering the country, which is the biggest disadvantage as it is open invitation for people trying to become illegal immigrants and even maybe to terrorism. The country has it advantages and disadvantages for hospitality, but one thing that is for sure is the country will always thrive on tourism.Referencehttps//apps.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200503/146119096.pdf

Patient Education Plan Essay

This is a forbearing Education fancy for a patient suffering from a gastrointestinal disease c tout ensembleed liver-colored-colored cirrhosis. Gastrointestinal infection is tell to be any communicable disease which involves the gastrointestinal tract making it as its portal of gate of affecting it by any means. The organisms which produce toxins cause this kind of infectious intestinal disease all by themselves. Thus, cirrhosis is an irreversible type of liver damage described as a muffled scarring (fibrosis) of the hepatic tissues. In the United States, the major causes be excessive alcohol consumption and viral Hepatitis C. another(prenominal) k presentlyn causes include chronic hepatitis B and D, iron overload, autoimmune/inherited diseases, chronic bile epithelial duct obstruction, and drugs, toxins and other infections as well. The patient in this specific case is a 38-year old male who has been gaining(a) as a gardener and janitor in one of the p serenityigious learnin g institutions in the United States. even up if he is only 38, he looks like he is 50 years old already. Let us call him Dave for purposes of confidentiality and patient protection. Dave is the breadwinner of a family of five. He has three children and his wife is plowing as a shop clerk for an agency within the neighborhood.Being a gardener and a janitor at the same beat, he is frequently on duty the whole day under the intense heat of the sun with little backup man or no rest at all. He likewise works daily without any rest days and frequently engages in over time to get extra pay to sustain spiritednesss needs. Patient 2 Because of too much toiling done, Dave believes he deserves to relax after work so he always drinks alcohol to relax his muscles. This has become a regular habit of his for the noncurrent 15 years. It all began as a relaxing strategy until it has become a daily habit. swallow has become his idea of socialization.Though he knows the dilemmas of habitual d rinking, he is finding a hard time to get himself to minimize or stop drinking. Even at work, he keeps a bottle on the Q.T. kept so he endure take sips or gulps from time to time while retentivity himself busy. It has become as sort-of water to him. It should be noted that before Dave became an alcoholic, he has a large set up weighing 180 lbs. and standing at 5 feet and 11 inches. After he became an alcoholic, he now weighs only 150 lbs. which is way below his ideal weight. His skin wrinkled and darkened but with tinges of xanthous areas all throughout his body.His body bulged since his liver has inflamed already and edema has occurred inside him. Physically, one provide know justifiedly then that he is sick. As to his family history, it is important to be aware that his father was also a habitual drinker but lucky enough for him that he did not develop liver cirrhosis. However, two brothers of his father had liver cirrhosis and one of them died of the disease. Therefore, sa id gastrointestinal disease runs in their family. Dave had a chance of going to college but because of attitude problems he fell short and finished only lavishly coach.So he ended up with a menial job as a school gardener and janitor. Based on his scholastic records, he was a good student. He gained good grades, not academically rewarding but decent enough to pass college scholarships. His alleged stubborn traits had won him over. Patient 3 The patient, Dave, preferred to engage in one-to-one learning technique rather than learning by group method. Dave has several sensitive, private and critical issues which he opts to share only with the learning provider, in this case, the nurse. In fact, Dave did not even approved of the idea of learning at first because of his stubbornness.He wants to do things only when but with thorough explanation, he was able to understand his condition little by little and began cooperating to work on his sick state. So what is liver cirrhosis all about ? The disease has been defined ahead as a form of liver damage which affects the gastrointestinal system. Among the early signs include weakness/fatigue, anorexia, stomatitis, tea-colored urine, clay-colored stool, amenorrhea, fall sexual urge, loss of pubic and axilla hair, hepatomegaly, jaundice, and pruritus or urticaria.Late signs involve hematological, endocrine, GIT and neurological changes. Further, it can complicate into more serious illnesses such as edema and ascites (fluid buildup), bruising and bleeding, jaundice, itching, gallstones, toxins in the blood or brain leading to impaired brain function, kidney failure, sensitivity to medication, portal hypertension, varices, insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes, liver cancer and problems with other organs. In Daves case, it began as a severe case of alcoholism combine with malnutrition which led Laennecs cirrhosis.This went on to the destruction of hepatic cells or hepatocytes then fibrosis or scarring. Following thereaf ter is an obstruction of blood flow which increases force per unit area in the venous and sinusoidal channels then rich infiltration leading to further fibrosis or scarring. Finally, portal hypertension or high blood pressure (hypertension) in the portal veins and its branches resulted. Patient 4 The prevalence of liver cirrhosis can come crossways all ages starting at the age of 21 but as the age increases, the rate of scarring progress increases as well.This means that liver cirrhosis cases are more serious with higher age. In Daves case, his age may directly affect the severity of his condition. Development of his illness was hastened in that it has been at least(prenominal) 15 years since he became a habitual drinker. It was accumulated through time and in his case, feeler is faster compared to others. Because of his liver disease, he cannot work as a gardener and janitor anymore as these are jobs which require much strength and energy.He cannot fulfill his responsibilities at home and his family as well since his health is generally impaired. Further, he cannot participate in community activities too. Patient needs to be educated regarding his nutritional needs. He must monitor his calorie intake and the amounts and kinds of food that he takes to avoid obesity. If possible, he must be given a schedule of diet so he can eat the right kinds of food at the right time and place. Moreover, he must be taught how to improve his depreciating vanity due to inability to fulfill his usual duties.He must develop healthy lifestyle practices and overbold behaviors which will help him regain his confidence. From this moment on, Dave must be able to recover from his health and spirit deficiencies. Instead of feeling down and troubled, he must mature by seeing the brighter side of life. The find is acceptance of his present condition and avoid feeling regretful and confused as much as possible. This can be done more competently with the support of the nurse and the significant others who are machine-accessible to him.

Harvard Referencing

The Harvard referencing system It is important that you identify in your assessment when you are using the words or ideas of another author. The most accepted way of ack nowadaysledging the fashion of another author is to use a referencing system. It is important that you write down the details of your witnesss as you study. When pickings notes, use a weaken page for each new book, journal article, or electronic source. At the top of each page, clearly picture the following information for future elongation. For books, file * The authors or editors name (or names) * The year the book was published * The designation of the book If it is an pas seul other than the first * The city the book was published in * The name of the publisher For journal articles record * The authors name or names * The year in which the journal was published * The title of the article * The title of the journal * The page number/s of the article in the journal * As much other information as you can fin d about the journal, for type the volume and quellitution numbers For electronic resources, try to collect the information on the left if it is available, but also record * The date you accessed the source * The electronic address or email The type of electronic resource (email, word forum, WWW page, etc) Whenever you use someone elses ideas or words, you moldiness put in a reference. depend quotations this is when you copy another authors material word-for-word. You should show the reader that it is a direct acknowledgment by placing the material in inverted commas. Traditionally, double inverted commas have been used () but it is now acceptable, and preferable to use single inverted commas (). Sometimes it is difficult to avoid the direct quotation as the authors words may precisely describe the point you are trying to make.An example for direct quote from a book or journal article with one author When organising our time, Adair (1988 51) states that the centrepiece will t end to be goals and objectives. OR When organising our time the centrepiece will tend to be goals and objectives (Adair, 1988 51). When you obtain another authors ideas and put them into your own words. You are still copying someone elses work, so you must reference it. You do not need to use inverted commas when you paraphrase, but you must clearly show the reader the original source of your information.All of the sources you refer to in the main body of your duty assignment need to be listed at the end of the assignment in a reference list. When creating a reference list, the sources should be listed alphabetically by authors surname, but when the author is anonymous or unusual for any one source, insert that source in the alphabetical list using the title of the source instead of the authors name. All sources should be listed together there should not be separate lists for books versus journal articles versus electronic sources.The reference list should be on a separate page f rom the rest of the assignment and should be simply titled References and the title should be in the same font and sizing as the other headings in your assignment. When you use the Harvard System, you are only usually required to produce a reference list. It is generally important in the text of an assignment to show the reader the authors name, date of publication and page numbers of the original source. In the reference list, it is important that the authors name, the year of publication, relevant titles, and other access information is faithfully reproduced.Department of Lifelong Learning Study Skills series http//education. exeter. ac. uk/dll/studyskills/harvard_referencing. htm Central Queensland University ESLS Unit (2001) Referencing The Harvard referencing system, Online, Available http//www. cqu. edu. au/edserv/undegrad/clc/content/resources. htm 14 Aug 2001 Lewis, D. (ed. ) (1999) The written assignment, Brisbane QUT Publications. Wells, D. (2001) Harvard referencing, Onl ine, Available http//lisweb. curtin. edu. au/guides/handouts/harvard. html 14 Aug 2001.

Cyber Events That Cause Terror in the Australian Population

The cyber events results to too many deaths in the world today. Computers and communication systems are linked together thus making everything else to rely on software package and this has paved commission to terrorists today. Terrorists organize crime and terror attacks through cyber and the target is increasing towards the Australian government website. Though Australia is a prestigious country, it attracts the attention of the world despite its people.The cyber threats are directed towards critical infrastructure like water, IT, banking, energy, and finance and communication industries in Australia. Events that ca customs cyber terror in Australia include cyber malicious messages, bullying where false rumors are blossom out online which are defaming and offensive content found in the cyberspace (Roberts, 2007). Offensive discipline is harmful to the population of Australia given that it exposes people to criminal vices. Forgery and plagiarism against intellectual property is another cyber event that terrorizes the Australian population.Virus attacks by computer zombies through the internet and unauthorized access on individuals information is threat-full to the population in Australia. Furthermore, financial losses due to theft of proprietary information from laptops by set Trojan horse on machines thus enable him to make his attack. The terrorist cyber events include triggering of explosion remotely at a target in the population thus victimizing innocent people in the propinquity of the explosion.The terrorists use the computers to deliver political threats so as to influence the government of Australia to act in the wrong way thus destroying property of the public or intimidate the public so that they may start effect (Roberts, 2007). In conclusion, the public should guide their cyber space against viruses, hackers and worms thus protecting themselves against cyber terrorism by use of anti-virus softwares and Norton personal firewall to guide aga inst hackers. References Roberts, L. (2007). Crime Online. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, Vol. 40, pp. 1-15Cyber Events That Cause Terror in the Australian PopulationCyber crimes in Australia have continued to increase taking polar forms and processes. They have been the heart stage in the promotion and execution of terrorism and terror attacks in the country. Development in computer and internet technology is providing an overwhelming condition with which cyber crimes can be instigated in Australia.They are directed towards different areas such as, transport, water, energy and communication industries. Cyber crimes have thus been dominant and providing a growing threat to Australia. It is distinguished that the society at large guide their cyber space towards actions of protecting any cyber threat which may take terrorism and other harmful attacks

Exploring Section Essay

Abstract Since the Labour Relations make believe 66 of 1995 came into effect the sulphur African undertaking market has undergone numerous changes. Such a resultant is the deck out in the number of employees engaged in atypical or non-standard employment. This paper responds in the affirmatory to Cheadles assertion that the Labour Relations proceeding 66 of 1995 provides inadequate cherishion to vulnerable make waterers such(prenominal) as non-standard employees. I explore the recent attempts to sustain the defendion of certain repulse and social warrantor laws to some categories of non-standard employees and I recognise their shortcomings.I suggest that ripened and middle management employees no lengthy require statutory protection from inequitable grasp physical exertions as such protection can be attained through contractual means. I propose that on that point is presently an urgent need to bring on a statutory arrangement which affords adequate protection to no n-standard role players. 1. Introduction The authentic South African jade command is one which affords overly much protection to those who do not need it and far too little to those who require it just about.In his paper Cheadle explores the consequences of the changes to the excavate market since 1994 and recognises that the current conceptual social structure has break-danceed to lodge these changes. The first writer for reform is that there is a huge protection hole casual workers argon not protected, informal workers are not protected, marginalised workers are not protected. This results from the changes undergone by the labour market and the fact that the current remedies for unfair labour practices in the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 adopt neer been subject to careful scrutiny.The most effective response to this problem is a re-evaluation of the current labour legislation. Cheadles main argument is that there is no longer a need to protect the functional class against unfair labour practices as they are able to protect themselves through contractual means. I concur with Cheadles affirmations and in strengthening my argument I decoct firstly on the draft history and development of the concept of an unfair labour practice.Through this exploration I evidence how the lack of proper scrutiny of unfair labour practices has resulted in an ill conceived provision. I argue that the current labour legislation does not extend protection to non-standard workers this found on the fact that protection rarely goes beyond the employment relationship. I further argue that if middle and elder employees can contractually negotiate their hours of work and rights to some(prenominal) payment for overtime work then surely this is possible for purposes of unfair labour practices. 2. Origins of unfair labour practicesThe first observation made by Cheadle is that the jurisprudence relating to the individual employment relation was fully codified in vi ew to hammock but still roughly codified in respect of the residue. Cheadle questions the lack of scrutiny applied to the commentary of section 186(2) and argues that there is a need to revise and see the practicality of unfair labour practices listed in section 186(2) of the LRA. The idea of unfair labour practice was first introduced into the South African labour law by the Industrial Conciliation Amendment Act.Under The Industrial Conciliation Amendment Act unfair labour practice was widely defined follows any labour practice which in the tactile sensation of the industrial court is an unfair labour practice. This wide definition was a mechanism intended to protect white workers against less favourable conditions of employment in the face of an extension to black workers of access to occupations antecedently reserved for whites. Because of this wide definition the legislature was obliged to intervene and in 1980 the concept of an unfair labour practice was more comprehen sively defined.The protection regarding the right to strike, refusal to negotiate in good faith, selective ignition or re-employment, and the use of derogatory language were then built in to the jurisprudence. However this was considered a quite strange jurisprudence as it governed both individual employment relationships and collective bargaining relationships. By 1995, in devising the Labour Relations Act, the unfair labour practices were built into the Act by way of the hale portfolio of organisational rights.The LRA was then negotiated and a set of transitional provisions relating to unfair labour practice where deferred until the Basic Conditions of recitation Act would be dealt with. When the time came the drafters failed to incorporate unfair labour practices and it was left as a transitional provision. It was finally incorporated through the 2002 amendments, where as Cheadle states, a couple of words were changed and it now constitutes the body of the enactment known as a charter for middle and top management. The history of unfair labour practice therefore strengthens the argument for the need to re-view the current legislation and to align it with the protection of vulnerable workers. 3. Regulated tractableness One of the underpinnings of the Labour Relations Act is the concept of regulated flexibility. Cheadle explains that in formulating the LRA the focus was channelled at achieving efficiency, productivity and adaptability, but within the parameters or the limits of protection. This ties in with the concept of labour market flexibility which gives rise to untested types of employment which include but not limited to, non-permanent employment for instance fixed-term and part-time work, through labours broker, tele-work, seasonal work, student jobs, working from home, self-employment and subcontracted work. The current position is that there is insufficient statutory protection for workers employed in a typical work. Difficulty is further encountered in that the protection afforded under collective agreements does not extend to these forms of employment.Employers attempts to avoid protective labour legislation and restraints of the traditional employment relationship have also contributed to the rise in atypical employment. This constitutes the crux of the discussion in that law reform should preferably shift its focus from increasing regulation to the achievement of labour market flexibility in order to adapt to the changing economic environment as well as to extend the protection under labour legislation to marginalised workers. 4. Contract of Employment and the protection whole The contract of employment creates a standard form of employment.It is the source from which protection and social security afforded under South African labour law is derived. According to the definition of employee in the LRA and BCEA this would mean that workers employed in a typical or non standard employment are ultimately excluded fr om the protection afforded under current labour legislation. Despite the wide definition of employee in that it includes any other person who in any manner assists in carrying on or conducting the business of an employee, non-standard workers such as part-time workers or home workers are still not protected by current labour laws.Cheadle argues that the reason labour law legislation does not extend protection to these non-standard worker is based on the history of labour law and the contract of employment. He makes an interesting argument in that the radio link to the contact of employment must be severed so as to accommodate any worker who works in a sector irrespective of the existence of a contract of employment. I fail to see the rationale behind this assertion. Cleansing the labour legislation of the employment contract would only candid up the flood gates for unwarranted litigation and confusion as this is the only source for structure and order.Rather than tearing down well serving structures law reform should rather work on incorporating protective provisions into the legislative framework. A recommendation made by Mathias Nyenti is that trade unions should run low more actively involved in extending protection to non-standard workers. However, trade unions are of two minds, on the one cut into there is the need to promote the working conditions of non-standard workers but on the other is the fear that supporting labour flexibility will only increase non-standard employment and potentially corrode their support base. . Anti working class law? The next argument made by Cheadle and perhaps the most controversial is that, it has become unnecessary to protect middle and top management against unfair labour practices. The assertion is that these categories of workers can protect themselves through contractual means or otherwise through the normal law. However, I question whether the common law is adequately equipped to deal with fairness in the workpla ce? For instance, if an employee is presented with a situation where there is no contractual rrangement in place providing for promotional prospects, such an employee cannot claim that the employer acted unfairly in not promoting that an employee. Cheadle further argues that there is no need for the judicial regulation of the selection decisions (hiring, training, promotion) and those aspects of discipline short of dismissal (suspension, demotion and other disciplinary measures). In his breakdown of statutory unfair labour practice Cheadle first addresses the set off of recruitment and hiring and questions the reasoning behind its exclusion from the list of unfair labour practices.He concludes that the legislation has pitch mechanisms in place to protect against victimisation, discrimination, and corrupt appointments and those should therefore constitute the parameters in which the legislation should operate. Simply establish legislation should not interfere with the operational personnel decisions of the employer. The regaining of promotion is an interesting one. Cheadle questions why senior and middle management are given the right to challenge a promotion whereas this has never been a problem for ordinary workers. This mirrors the position in appointment and hiring.Which brings us back to the questiondo senior and middle management really need such protection? The next unfair practice is the issue of demotion and I question why such a practice is regulated because as Cheadle asserts one cannot be demoted without their consent. If a worker is given an alternative between demotion and dismissal and the worker refuses to be demoted, that can be challenged under the law of dismissal. Cheadles argument is therefore not for greater inclusion but rather an acknowledgement of the remedies and relief under existing common law and contract law. 6. Business perspective From a business perspective it is argued that an increase in labour market flexibility will att ract extraneous investment resulting in high employment levels and the mitigation of poverty. The argument is that over-regulated labour markets tend to have the setback effect, reducing global engagement and the prospect of employment. However, trade unions believe that government needs to protect its vulnerable workers against exploitation if it is to achieve its social transformation objectives. 7.Conclusion The recent changes in the labour market have thrown vulnerable workers in a protection hole and the current labour legislation unluckily fails to remedy this position. The bottom-line is that labour reform should be focused on protecting those employees who need protection the most such as workers in atypical employment. There is a great need not only for legislative reform but also reform of the institutions which implement the legislation such as the care for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration.While I am in agreement with Cheadles assertions on the most part, the steer that the employment contract should be done away with is a highly controversial and one which I do not agree with. One provision which should be reviewed or even removed that is one which offers unwarranted protection to senior and middle employees who are able to protect themselves through contractual means. Section 186 no longer has a place in the legislative framework and should either be re-evaluated to include vulnerable workers or removed in its entirety. Bibliography Books Van Jaarsveld et al 2001 LAWSA 8

MTV: Building Brand Resonance Essay

1 What is the MTV score image? How valuable are the MTV tick off associations? What should its message values be?The MTV brand started out with a focus on the medicine where it helped to launch the optic impact of bands through music videos. MTV is a youth oriented brand, that started as a freshly music video station, and has forthwith involved into a pop-culture station with a mix of long-form programing, and videos. They created stars and termed new expressions like VJs and readily differentiated their product from the competition. As a result of having a first-m everyplace advantage they were the TV air to go to in secern to endorse your music. They managed to build up their brand and be a key im furcate for promotion where artists where demanding to have their own videos played on MTV. MTV remains a blind drunk brand within the youth segment but needs to constantly evolve in order to substantiate their locate with new trends and changes emerging.The brand associat ions are strong since they are attached to a certain target-group (youths) that is very coveted to reach for many advertisers. The adolescence and early adulthood that MTV reaches are important for establishing enduring preferences for a specific theatrical role of brand that might follow a person throughout his life. Viewed as very hip and now many teens look to the channel to see what is popular and what the up and coming trends of today are. MTV has very strong brand attributes, with its viewing audience and even with people that do not view the channel as mavin they would frequently watch, therefore giving the brand strong brand associations. MTV has core values of lenifying on cap of music and cultural trends, as a result ensuring their continued growth of their audience MTV needs to stay relevant to stay on top.2 Describe the current sources of MTVs brand equity. How have they changed over term?MTV creates its brand equity through high level of awareness and brand asso ciations its make with its targeted viewers. MTV did this by using VJs or video jockeys to bring the viewers along for the ride. VJs make its a much more personal experience as if they were friends with the audience. The use of long-form programming has helped keep viewers interested in the channel by keeping relevant in its programming, by moving away from its roots as a music only channel and giving viewers what they were interested at any point in time. There are multiple genres and cultures represented on MTV and the channel high ratings among its key teen demographic, especially females.The evolution of the channel has kept the brand equity. In 2010 the MTV logo changed and no longer contained the tag-line Music Television to further emphasize their shift away from the pure music. By focusing more on programs that were culture shows and not only music they have managed to maintain a strong brand. Throughout their changes of focus MTV has managed to keep its core values intact. They are a channel for the younger generation that constantly provokes and stays on the edge of new concepts. By having a brand aimed at pop culture they constantly have to re-invent themselves to stay current. One of the biggest challenges for MTV is managing growth because usually when things drop dead too popular it is no longer considered to be cool.3 What is the role of music within MTV? Do they need to put the M back in MTV?Music still plays a major part in MTVs image and brand associations. Music and pop culture have always been interconnected, as many view the music that they listen to be how they express who they are as an individual. By having the homogeneous segments of people liking the same types of music, you can see the cliques within these segments, and usually these are how social trends begin. Although on a television station, music does not have the power to captivate viewers for prolonged periods of time MTV found that long-form programming kept viewers tuned in on a regular basis, whereas music created range behaviors. Additionally, the channel viewers have changed therefore changing back to an all music channel I do not think would benefit the channel viewers need to stay tuned in order for MTV to remain profitable and they are doing a good job of keeping their brand equity and associations.4 Discuss the role the Internet in programming. How should MTV best integrate the Internet into the brand? How might technology impact MTVs future?MTVs websites serve as an added channel to keep viewers pursue beyond just watching the channel they can now watch TV episodes and have wallpapers and so on However, the internet could pose the problem as sites like YouTube, World Star Hip Hop, and a allurement of others give viewers access to video on demand, (what they want to see and when they want to see it), as opposed to watching a channel and waiting to hopefully see a song or wait for a program to air. MTV should continue to use the Internet to its advantage by offering scoopful online clips, interviews, and MTV personalized gear.They should continue to create apps and use Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram to connect to viewers. The MTV website already offers a variety of experiences to visitors and its greatest move out is that the brand owns the market as the resource for popular music. Drawing on that, and positioning the interactive face as a true storehouse for information is the most complementary stance MTVi (the interactive course of study of MTV) can take. With trendiness at its core, MTV will thrive as technology continues to change.5 How have MTVs sis networks affected the parent channels brand equity? What changes, if any, would you make in positioning of the sis networks in order to create the optimal brand portfolio?MTV has effectively used its sister networks and parent conduct to boost brand equity. By playing more music clips and videos on the MTV2 and VH1 channels, it spreads the core values of the brand. MTV started and made its name by showing music videos, so having its sister channels show more videos it extends the brand image and values. MTV is a spheric brand and therefore reaches many different people from all some the world. This means that they have an extensive range of viewers that are from different places, cultures, nationalities, ethnicities, etc. MTVs global channels offer country specific programming to appeal to the many different countries and cultural tastes. MTV is doing a good job of positioning itself and its sister channels for continued success in boosting brand equity.

Gsm Specification & Air Interface

pic WHAT IS GSM GSM GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications originally from Groupe Special Mobile) is the most popular warning for mobile telephone systems in the world. The GSM Association, its promoting industry trade organization of mobile phone carriers and manufacturers, estimates that 80% of the world-wide mobile mart uses the standard. GSM Specifications-I RF Spectrum GSM 900 1. Mobile to BTS (uplink) 890-915 mega bike 2. BTS to Mobile (downlink)935-960 MHz 3. Bandwidth 2* 25 MHz GSM 1800 1. Mobile to BTS (uplink) 1710-1785 MHz 2. BTS to Mobile (downlink) 1805-1880 MHz 3.Bandwidth 2* 75 MHz GSM Specification-II 1. Carrier Separation cc KHz 2. Duplex Distance 45 MHz 3. No. of RF carriers 124 4. Access Method TDMA/FDMA 5. conversion Method GMSK 6. Modulation entropy rate 270. 833 Kbps ADVANTAGES OF GSM 1. GSM uses radio frequencies efficiently & due to the digital radio thoroughf be the system tolerates more intercellular disturbances. 2. The average quality of spe ech achieved is better than in existing parallel systems. 3. Data transmission is shop ated doneout the system. 4. Speech is encrypted & reader information security is guaranteed. . Due to the ISDN compatibility, reinvigorated operate atomic number 18 offered compared to elongateue systems. 6. International roaming is technically possible within all the countries concerned. 7. The large market toughens the competition & lowers the prices both for investments & usages. GSM SPECIFICATIONS The main idea behind the GSM specifications is to define several open larboards which then are limiting certain separate of the GSM system. Because of this port, openness the operator maintaining the ne bothrk may obtain different parts of the nedeucerk from different GSM network suppliers.Also when an interface is open it defines strictly what is happening through the interface & this in turn strictly defines what kind of actions/procedures/ serve wells should ne implemented between the int erfaces. STRUCTURE OF GSM pic GSM Specifications Before looking at the GSM specifications, it is important to understand the following basic terms * Bandwidth the range of a channels limits the broader the bandwidth, the faster data arse be send * Bits per due south (bps) a single on-off pulse of data eight bits are equivalent to one byte * Frequency the number of cycles per unit of quantify frequency is measured in hertz (Hz) Kilo (k) kilo is the designation for 1,000 the abbreviation kbps represents 1,000 bits per second * Megahertz (MHz) 1,000,000 hertz (cycles per second) * Milliseconds (ms) one-thousandth of a second * Watt (W) a measure of power of a transmitter Specifications for different personal communication dish outs (PCS) systems vary among the different PCS networks. Listed below is a description of the specifications and characteristics for GSM. * Frequency band the frequency range condition for GSM is 1,850 to 1,990 MHz (mobile station to base station). * Dupl ex remoteness The duplex distance is 80 MHz.Duplex distance is the distance between the uplink and downlink frequencies. A channel has two frequencies, 80 MHz apart. * Channel dissolution The separation between adjacent carrier frequencies. In GSM, this is 200 kHz. * Modulation Modulation is the process of sending a signal by changing the characteristics of a carrier frequency. This is done in GSM via Gaussian minimum geological fault keying (GMSK). * Transmission rate GSM is a digital system with an over-the-air bit rate of 270 kbps. * Access method GSM utilizes the time division multiple access (TDMA) concept.TDMA is a technique in which several different calls may allot the same carrier. Each call is assigned a particular time slot. * Speech coder GSM uses running(a) predictive coding (LPC). The purpose of LPC is to reduce the bit rate. The LPC provides parameters for a filter that mimics the vocal tract. The signal passes through this filter, leaving behind a residual signa l. Speech is encoded at 13 kbps. GSM Subscriber Services there are two basic types of services offered through GSM telephony (also referred to as tele services) and data (also referred to as newsboy services).Telephony services are mainly voice services that provide subscribers with the complete cap readiness (including infallible terminal equipment) to communicate with other subscribers. Data services provide the capacity necessary to transmit beguile data signals between two access points creating an interface to the network. In addition to regular telephony and soupcon calling, the following subscriber services are supported by GSM * Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) DTMF is a tone signaling system of rules often used for various control purposes via the telephone network, such as remote control of an tell machine.GSM supports full-originating DTMF. * Facsimile group III GSM supports CCITT Group 3 facsimile. As standard facsimile machine machines are knowing to be connect ed to a telephone apply analog signals, a special fax convertor connected to the exchange is used in the GSM system. This enables a GSMconnected fax to communicate with any analog fax in the network. * Short message services A convenient facility of the GSM network is the piddling message service. A message consisting of a maximum of 160 alphanumeric characters heap be sent to or from a mobile station.This service can be viewed as an advanced form of alphanumeric paging with a number of advantages. If the subscribers mobile unit is powered off or has left the insurance coverage area, the message is stored and offered back to the subscriber when the mobile is powered on or has reentered the coverage area of the network. This function ensures that the message will be received. * Cell publicise A variation of the short message service is the cell broadcast facility. A message of a maximum of 93 characters can be broadcast to all mobile subscribers in a certain geographic area.Typ ical applications include traffic over-crowding warnings and reports on accidents. * Voice mail This service is actually an answering machine within the network, which is controlled by the subscriber. Calls can be forwarded to the subscribers voice-mail box and the subscriber checks for messages via a personal security code. * Fax mail With this service, the subscriber can receive fax messages at any fax machine. The messages are stored in a service contract from which they can be retrieved by the subscriber via a personal security code to the desired fax number.Supplementary Services GSM supports a comprehensive set of supplementary services that can complement and support both telephony and data services. Supplementary services are defined by GSM and are characterized as revenue-generating features. A partial listing of supplementary services follows. * Call forwarding This service gives the subscriber the ability to forward incoming calls to another number if the called mobile u nit is not reachable, if it is busy, if there is no reply, or if call forwarding is allowed unconditionally. Barring of outgoing calls This service makes it possible for a mobile subscriber to veto all outgoing calls. * Barring of incoming calls This function allows the subscriber to prevent incoming calls. The following two conditions for incoming call barring exist baring of all incoming calls and barring of incoming calls when roaming alfresco the home PLMN. * Advice of charge (AOC) The AOC service provides the mobile subscriber with an estimate of the call charges. There are two types of AOC information one that provides the subscriber with an estimate of the bill and one that can be used for conterminous charging purposes.AOC for data calls is provided on the basis of time measurements. * Call hold This service enables the subscriber to interrupt an ongoing call and then subsequently reestablish the call. The call hold service is only applicable to normal telephony. * Call w aiting This service enables the mobile subscriber to be notified of an incoming call during a conversation. The subscriber can answer, reject, or ignore the incoming call. Call waiting is applicable to all GSM telecommunications services using a circuit-switched community. Multiparty service The multiparty service enables a mobile subscriber to establish a multiparty conversationthat is, a simultaneous conversation between three and six subscribers. This service is only applicable to normal telephony. * occupation line identification presentation/restriction These services supply the called party with the integrated services digital network (ISDN) number of the calling party. The restriction service enables the calling party to restrict the presentation. The restriction overrides the presentation. * disagreeable user groups (CUGs) CUGs are generally comparable to a PBX.They are a group of subscribers who are adequate to(p) of only calling themselves and certain numbers. AIR INTE RFACE In cellular telephone communications, the air interface is the radio-frequency portion of the circuit between the cellular phone set or wireless modem (usually portable or mobile) and the active voice base station. As a subscriber moves from one cell to another in the system, the active base station changes periodically. Each changeover is known as a handoff. A cellular connection is only as good as its weakest link, which is almost always the air interface.Radio-frequency (RF) circuits are subject to galore(postnominal) variables that affect signal quality. Factors that can cause problems include * Use of the handheld phone set or portable wireless modem inside buildings, cars, buses, trucks, or trains * Proximity to human-made, steel-frame obstructions, especially large buildings and freeway overpasses * Abundance of proceeds wires that can reflect radio signals and/or generate noise that interferes with reception * Irregular terrain, particularly canyons and ravines * li ttle transmitter power in phone set or wireless modem Poorly designed feeler in phone set or wireless modem In addition to these variables, some cellular networks grow inadequate coverage in certain geographic areas. Usually this is because there are not comme il faut base stations to ensure continuous communications for subscribers using portable (handheld) phone sets. As a network evolves, more base stations may be installed in a given region, and in that case, this problem will diminish with time. Conversion of a network from analog to digital can end point in dramatic improvement.